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Spoken Language Theories
- Speech Act Theory
- Language is constative
(conveys information)
- Speech Acts
- Perlocutionary (affect receiver)
- Illocutionary (performative)
- Perlocutionary (affect receiver)
- Felicity Conditions
- Correct Authority
- Correct Performance
- Correct Attitude
(sincerity)
- Correct Authority
- Language is constative
(conveys information)
- Exchange Structure Theory
- Two-Part Conversation Structure
- Question/Answer
- Inform/Acknowledge
- Introduction/Greeting
- Complaint/Excuse
- Question/Answer
- Three-Part Conversation Structure
(Initiation/Response/Feedback)
- Question/Answer/Comment
- Question/Answer/Comment
- Two-Part Conversation Structure
- Narrative Structure Theory
- Exposition (setting)
- Rising Action (main story)
- Climax (point of the story)
- Closure (rounds it off)
- Exposition (setting)
- Frame Theory
- 'frames'
- contextualisation cues
- picked up during
conversation
- allow us to recognise
situations and
respond appropriately
- contextualisation cues
- 'frames'
- Schema Theory
- repertoire of 'schemas'
- give us various
assumptions & expectations
- e.g. we expect a
doctor to behave
in a certain way
- e.g. we expect a
doctor to behave
in a certain way
- contextual cues
- give us various
assumptions & expectations
- repertoire of 'schemas'
- Face Needs
- Positive
- e.g. greetings, compliments
- to make receiver
feel approved of
- e.g. greetings, compliments
- Negative
- e.g. hedges, apologies
- soften unpleasant
requests
- e.g. hedges, apologies
- to make receiver feel
unthreatened & accepted
- Positive
- Politeness
- Positive
- e.g. paying attention,
making jokes
- claiming common ground and conveying
assumption that all participants will be
cooperative and are 'with' the speaker
- e.g. paying attention,
making jokes
- Negative
- e.g. being apologetic,
deferential, questions, hedges
- being indirect, neither presuming nor
assuming and not forcing the point
- e.g. being apologetic,
deferential, questions, hedges
- Positive
- Conversational Maxims
- Relevance
- Quality
- Quantity
- Manner
- Implicature may be needed if a
maxim is flouted deliberately -
may be saving face
- Cooperative Principle
- assuming all participant have
common goals and will use the
same achievement methods
- assuming all participant have
common goals and will use the
same achievement methods
- Relevance
- Accommodation Theory
- we alter our speech to
'accommodate' our addressees
- Convergence
- Downward Convergence (move
to a less prestigious accent)
- Upward Convergence (move
to a more prestigious accent)
- move towards the
other's speech
- Mutual Convergence (both participants
converge towards each other, one
upwards and one downwards)
- Downward Convergence (move
to a less prestigious accent)
- Divergence
- move away from the
other's speech
- e.g. supporters of rival
football teams might diverge
to their team's accent
- can exert power if speaker
diverges to a more
prestigious accent
- e.g. teacher reprimanding a pupil might
enunciate more syllables than usual and
speak with a more RP accent
- e.g. teacher reprimanding a pupil might
enunciate more syllables than usual and
speak with a more RP accent
- move away from the
other's speech
- we alter our speech to
'accommodate' our addressees
- Politeness Principle
- three maxims
- Don't Impose
- Give Options
- Make Receiver Feel Good
- Don't Impose
- three maxims
- Berstein's Code
- Elaborated Code gives
full details
- Restricted Code is
highly deixical
- Elaborated Code gives
full details
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