Single-Cell Mech of Invertebrate Beh Change

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Biological (Memory & Learning) Mind Map on Single-Cell Mech of Invertebrate Beh Change, created by n.c.wetmore on 26/04/2013.
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Mind Map by n.c.wetmore, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by n.c.wetmore over 11 years ago
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Single-Cell Mech of Invertebrate Beh Change
  1. Aplysia as an Experimental Animal
    1. Aplysia
      1. marine invertebrate related to common slug
        1. popular animal for studies of physiology of learning
          1. compared to vertebrates it has fewer neurones, many large and easy to study
            1. Unlike vertebrates, aplysia neurones are virtually identical from one individual to another so diff INV can study properties of same neurone
          2. commonly studied behaviour: withdrawal response
            1. if someone touches the siphon, mantle or gill of aplysia, it vigurously withdraws irritated struture
              1. INV traces neural path fro touch receptors to motor neurones that direct response.
                1. Using this neural pathway, INV studied changes in behaviour as a result of experience.
          3. Habituation in Aplysia
            1. Habituation
              1. decrease in response to a stimulus that's presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli
                1. if clock chimes every hour, you respond less and less.
              2. Repeated stimulation of Aplysia's gills with brief jet of seawater, withdraws at first but after repetition, stops responding.
                1. Decline in response is not due to muscle fatigue because after habituation, direct stimulation of motor neurone produces full-size muscle contraction
                  1. Rule out changes in sensory neurone
                    1. Sensory neurone still gives full, normal response to stimulation but fails to excite motor neurone as much as before
                      1. Kupfermann et al (1970)
                    2. habituation in Aplysia depends on change in synapse between sensory neuron and motor neuron
                  2. Sensitization in Aplysia
                    1. the experiencing of unexpected, intense pain, temporarily react more strongly than usual to other strong, sudden stimuli
                      1. sensitisation
                        1. increase in response to mild stimuli as result of exposure to more intense stimuli
                          1. A strong stimulus almost anywhere on Aplysia's skin intensifies a later withdrawal response to a touch
                      2. INV traced sensitisation to changes at identified synapses.
                        1. through stimulation on skin excites facilitating interneuron that releases serotonin (5-HT) onto presynaptic terminals of many sensory neurons
                          1. serotonin blocks potassium channels in these membranes
                            1. Results in after later action potentials, membrane takes longer than usual to repolarize
                              1. Therefore, presynaptic neurone continues releasing its NT for longer than usual
                            2. repeating this process causes sensory neurone to synthesise new proteins that produce long-term sensitisation
                            3. research shows how it's possible to explain one example of behavioural plasticity in terms of molecular events
                              1. Later studies explored mechanisms of classical and instrumental conditioning in Aplysia
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