1_1_chemical formula and equation

Annotations:

• Is a process where one or more substances is changed into one or more new substances

1. Reactants to Products
   1. Solute
      1. Substance that dissolves in solvent
   2. Solvent
      1. Substance that dissolves solute
         1. Solute+solvent+solution
   3. Solution
      1. Homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

1. Number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12 atom
   1. 6.002x10^23

1. Number of atoms and molecules
   1. Number of moles(mol)=mass(g)/molar mass(g mol^-1)

      Annotations:

      • Number of moles(mol)=mass(g)/molar mass(g mol^-1)

1. Standard temperature and volume:22.4L mol^-1
   1. Volume occupied by 1 mol of gas

1. Molecular formula
   1. Chemical formula which shows the actual number of atoms in an element
      1. n(empirical formula)
2. Empirical formula
   1. Chemical formula which shows the simplest ratio of atoms of an element
      1. Steps
         1. 1)Determine the mass or percentage(by 100g) of elements in the compound

            Annotations:

            • 1)Determine the mass or percentage(by 100 g) of elements in the compound 2)Divide the mass/percentage of elements with respective relative atomic mass 3)Divide by the smallest number to obtain the ratio 4)Write the empirical formula from the ratio of the elements
            1. 2)Divide the mass or percentage of elements with the respective relative atomic mass
               1. 3)Divide with the smallest number to obtain the ratio
                  1. 4)Write the empirical formula from the ratio of the elements

1. solvent + solute(s)

1. Mole Fraction (X)
   1. Xa = moles of a / sum of moles of all components
2. Percentage by mass and volume
   1. %w/w = (Mass of X / Mass of sample) x100%
   2. %w/V = (mass of X (g) / Volume) x100%
   3. %v/v = (Volume of X / Volume of Sample) x100%
3. Molality
   1. Molality,m = moles of solute (mol) / mass of solvent (kg)
4. Molarity
   1. Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution
   2. Units
      1. mol L^-1
      2. mol dm^-3
      3. M

1. a substance that produces H+ in water

1. a proton donor

1. HCL, HNO3, CH3COOH

1. H2SO4

1. H3PO4

1. substance that produces OH- in water

1. proton acceptor

1. the point at which the reaction is complete

1. substance that changes color at the equivalence point