604670
Description
Mind Map by ellie.french1178, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ellie.french1178
over 10 years ago
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Alkanes
- Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil
- Source of
hydrocarbons
- Separated as fractions with different
boiling points- Fractional Distillation
- Can be used as fuels,
or for processing into
petrochemicals
- Different strength Van der Waals
forces
- Cause the variations in
Boiling Points
- Due to
different
carbon chain
lengths and
branching
- Cause the variations in
Boiling Points
- Can be used as fuels,
or for processing into
petrochemicals
- Separated as fractions with different
boiling points- Fractional Distillation
- Saturated Hydrocarbons
- Single bond between C
atoms
- Single bond between C
atoms
- Have a
tetrahedral
shape around
the carbon
atom
- Bond angles of 109.5
- Bond angles of 109.5
- Fractional Distillation
- 1.Crude oil is vaporised and
then passed through a
fractioning column, it is hotter
at the bottom than at the top
- 2.The gases then pass up
through the column through a
series of bubble caps, they
eventually reach a temperature
that is lower than their boiling
point
- 3. The vapor then
condenses to a liquid,
the liquid fractions are
then tapped off into
storage containers
- 1.Crude oil is vaporised and
then passed through a
fractioning column, it is hotter
at the bottom than at the top
- Source of
hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons as fuels
- Catalytic Cracking
- Uses to break larger
carbon chains which have
low demand into smaller
chains which have a high
demand
- For example:Paraffin (decane)
into petrol (octane) and ethene
- For example:Paraffin (decane)
into petrol (octane) and ethene
- It is carried out by heating the large
hydrocarbon, with a porcelein catalyst, the
vapor produced then condenses into a
smaller hydrocarbon (alkane) and an alkene
- Uses to break larger
carbon chains which have
low demand into smaller
chains which have a high
demand
- Environmental Issues
- Crude oil is non-renewable
- Problems caused by CO2
emissions from burning fossil
fuels
- Global Warming
- Global Warming
- Bio-diesels being produced,
- Made from Rapeseed
or Alcohol by
fermenting sugars
- Made from Rapeseed
or Alcohol by
fermenting sugars
- Crude oil is non-renewable
- Reforming
- Aliphatic (straight chains)
chains are turned into
cyclic alkanes
- This process is carried out
because cyclic chains make
fuel burn more efiiciently
- Aliphatic (straight chains)
chains are turned into
cyclic alkanes
- Isomerisation
- Un-branched alkanes
(straight chained) are
converted into branched
alkanes
- For example:
Hexane-
2,3-dimethylbutane
- This promotes efficient combustion
- For example:
Hexane-
2,3-dimethylbutane
- Un-branched alkanes
(straight chained) are
converted into branched
alkanes
- Catalytic Cracking
- Substitution Reactions
- Using UV radiation, by
Cl2 and Br2, to form
halogenoalkanes
- Mechanism of CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
- 3.Termination
- Cl. + Cl. Cl2
- .Cl + .CH3 CH3Cl
- .CH3 + .CH3 C2H6
- Cl. + Cl. Cl2
- 2. Propogation Steps
- CH4 + .Cl .CH3 + HCl
.CH3 + Cl2 CH3Cl + .Cl
- CH4 + .Cl .CH3 + HCl
.CH3 + Cl2 CH3Cl + .Cl
- 1. Initiation
- Cl2 2.Cl
MUST HAVE UV LIGHT
- This is an example of Homolytic
fission
- This is an example of Homolytic
fission
- Cl2 2.Cl
MUST HAVE UV LIGHT
- 3.Termination
- Using UV radiation, by
Cl2 and Br2, to form
halogenoalkanes
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