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Description
Mind Map by Brooklyn Bentley, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Brooklyn Bentley
over 8 years ago
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Chapter 2
- The Scientific
Approach to
Behaviour
- Measure and Description
- -Develop measurement
techniques that made it
possible to describe (ex)
behaviour correctly
- -Develop measurement
techniques that made it
possible to describe (ex)
behaviour correctly
- Understanding and Prediction
- -Scientists believe they have a
better understanding of
what's going on/events when
they can explain reason for
- A hypothesis is a
statement about the
relationship between
2 or more variables
- Variables measure
conditions/behaviours
that are controlled or
observed
- Variables measure
conditions/behaviours
that are controlled or
observed
- A hypothesis is a
statement about the
relationship between
2 or more variables
- -Scientists believe they have a
better understanding of
what's going on/events when
they can explain reason for
- Application and Control
- Theory's are systems of
interrelated ides used to explain
observations
- Theory's are systems of
interrelated ides used to explain
observations
- Step 5 Report The Findings
- To report the findings they use a journal -It is
a periodical that publishes technical and
scholarly material -Usually in a narrowly
defined area of inquiry
- The process of publishing
allows experts to critique and
analyze their findings and
disclose any flaws
- The process of publishing
allows experts to critique and
analyze their findings and
disclose any flaws
- To report the findings they use a journal -It is
a periodical that publishes technical and
scholarly material -Usually in a narrowly
defined area of inquiry
- Step 1 Formulate a Hypothesis
- Variables must be
clearly defined
- Operational Definition describes the
actions or operations that will be used
to measure or control a variable
- Operational Definition describes the
actions or operations that will be used
to measure or control a variable
- Variables must be
clearly defined
- Step 2 Select the method and Design the study
- How to put the hypothesis into Empirical Test;
Once a method is chosen, (experiments, case
studies, surveys) they must make a detailed
plan
- How many participants, Who
(animals or humans), age,
gender
- How many participants, Who
(animals or humans), age,
gender
- How to put the hypothesis into Empirical Test;
Once a method is chosen, (experiments, case
studies, surveys) they must make a detailed
plan
- Step 3 Collect Data
- Data Collection Techniques Include:
- Direct observation
Questionnaire
Interview
Psychological Test
Physiological
Recording
Examination of
Archival records
- Direct observation
Questionnaire
Interview
Psychological Test
Physiological
Recording
Examination of
Archival records
- Data Collection Techniques Include:
- Step 4 Analyze the data and draw conclusions
- Observations are usually put into numbers
- Researchers use statistics to analyze
their data and decide whether their
hypothesis was supported
- Researchers use statistics to analyze
their data and decide whether their
hypothesis was supported
- Observations are usually put into numbers
- Measure and Description
- Experimental Research
- Independent and Dependent Variables
- Independent Variable is a condition or event that
an experiment varies in order to see its impact on
another variable
- Dependent Variable is thought to be
affected by the manipulation of the
Independent
- The dependent measures the subjects behaviours
- Independent Variable is a condition or event that
an experiment varies in order to see its impact on
another variable
- Experimental and Control Groups
- The Experimental Group consist of the subjects who
receive some special treatment in regard to the
independent variable
- The Control Group consists of similar subjects
who do not receive special treatment
- The Control Group consists of similar subjects
who do not receive special treatment
- The Experimental Group consist of the subjects who
receive some special treatment in regard to the
independent variable
- Variations in Designing Experiments
- Some experiments can be
conducted with just one
independent and dependent
variable
- Sometimes it has a
advantage to use one group
of subjects that serve as
their own control group
- It is also possible to manipulate more than
1 independent variable in a experiment
- It is also possible to manipulate more than
1 independent variable in a experiment
- Sometimes it has a
advantage to use one group
of subjects that serve as
their own control group
- Some experiments can be
conducted with just one
independent and dependent
variable
- Extraneous Variables
- Extraneous Variables are any variables other than
the independent variable that seems likley to
influence the dependent variable in a specific study
- A Cofounding Variable occurs when 2 variables are linked
together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific
effects
- Random assignment of subjects occurs when all subjects
have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or
condition of the study
- Random assignment of subjects occurs when all subjects
have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or
condition of the study
- A Cofounding Variable occurs when 2 variables are linked
together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific
effects
- Extraneous Variables are any variables other than
the independent variable that seems likley to
influence the dependent variable in a specific study
- Independent and Dependent Variables
- Mean, Median and Mode
- The Mean is the
average of the
scores in
distribution
- The Median is the score
that stands exactly in the
center of the distribution
scores
- The Mode is the most
frequent score in
distribution
- The Mode is the most
frequent score in
distribution
- The Median is the score
that stands exactly in the
center of the distribution
scores
- The Mean is the
average of the
scores in
distribution
- Experimenter Bias
- Experimenter Bias happens when a
researchers expectations about the
outcome influence the results obtained
- One problem with this is
sometimes researchers see what
they want to see
- One other problem with this is called the
double-blind procedure, it is a research
strategy that neither subjects or experimenters
know which group is which
- One other problem with this is called the
double-blind procedure, it is a research
strategy that neither subjects or experimenters
know which group is which
- One problem with this is
sometimes researchers see what
they want to see
- Experimenter Bias happens when a
researchers expectations about the
outcome influence the results obtained
- Advantages and Disadvantages
of Correlation Research
- An advantage to this method is it gives
researchers a different way to explore
the questions that could not be examined
using experimental procedures
- Descriptive correlation broadens
the scope of phenomena that
psychologists are able to study
- One disadvantage is that
researchers cannot
control events to isolate
cause and effect
relationships
- Correlation research cannot
demonstrate that two variables are
related
- Correlation research cannot
demonstrate that two variables are
related
- One disadvantage is that
researchers cannot
control events to isolate
cause and effect
relationships
- Descriptive correlation broadens
the scope of phenomena that
psychologists are able to study
- An advantage to this method is it gives
researchers a different way to explore
the questions that could not be examined
using experimental procedures
- Placebo
- A placebo effect is when participants are
in an experiment and their expectations
are lead on the be on thing even though
what they have received was fake.
- A placebo effect is when participants are
in an experiment and their expectations
are lead on the be on thing even though
what they have received was fake.
- Surveys
- In a survey, researchers use questionnaires or
interviews to gather information about
specific aspects of the participants behaviour
- Surveys are also used in for social issues in the public
- One major problem with surveys are
they depend on self report data
- One major problem with surveys are
they depend on self report data
- Surveys are also used in for social issues in the public
- In a survey, researchers use questionnaires or
interviews to gather information about
specific aspects of the participants behaviour
- Case Studies
- A Case Study is an in-depth investigation of an individual subject
- Case Studies work particularly well when
working with psychological disorders and
neuropsychological issues
- One main problem with Case Studies is they are very
subjective
- One main problem with Case Studies is they are very
subjective
- Case Studies work particularly well when
working with psychological disorders and
neuropsychological issues
- A Case Study is an in-depth investigation of an individual subject
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