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Mind Map by jacksearle, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by jacksearle
over 10 years ago
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Kennedy
1961 - 1963
- Vienna Summit June 1961
- Marked a new stage in superpower relations
- Kennedy newly elected president, Khrushchev wanted
to capitalise on Kennedy's in experience and his recent
humiliation over the Bay of Pigs
- Kennedy newly elected president, Khrushchev wanted
to capitalise on Kennedy's in experience and his recent
humiliation over the Bay of Pigs
- Khrushchev adopted an
aggressive stance, demands:
- The Soviet Union would continue to support 'wars
of national liberation' because of the dominance
of colonial and capitalist powers
- The West should recognise the sovereign
status of East Germany
- The Berlin question should be settled on
Soviet terms within 6 months
- The Soviet Union would continue to support 'wars
of national liberation' because of the dominance
of colonial and capitalist powers
- Only constructive result of the summit was agreement
to ensure a neutral and independent Laos
- Kennedy was shaken by Khrushchev but didn't back down
- Ultimately, Khrushchev misjudged Kennedy as
weak - a mistake that would be revealed clearly
during the Cuban Missile Crisis
- Ultimately, Khrushchev misjudged Kennedy as
weak - a mistake that would be revealed clearly
during the Cuban Missile Crisis
- Kennedy was shaken by Khrushchev but didn't back down
- Marked a new stage in superpower relations
- Berlin
- 3rd Berlin Crisis, Berlin Wall, August 1961
- Kennedy rejected Khrushchev demand at Vienna that the
US should withdraw from Berlin by the end of that year -
stating that Berlin was central to US security interests
- 25 July 1961, Kennedy publicly pledged US would not
be driven out of Berlin and announced increases in
armed forces
- Khrushchev didn't want war over Berlin but couldn't
allow exodus of East Germans to continue
- August 61, Khrushchev built Berlin Wall - prevent
free movement between East and West
- In response, Kennedy considered a limited nuclear
strike against USSR, but dropped this when it
became clear there was no threat to West Berlin
- Khrushchev's actions stemmed the flow of Germans moving
to the West and the US accepted the division of Berlin
- Berlin Wall became enduring image of the Cold War
- Berlin Wall became enduring image of the Cold War
- Khrushchev's actions stemmed the flow of Germans moving
to the West and the US accepted the division of Berlin
- In response, Kennedy considered a limited nuclear
strike against USSR, but dropped this when it
became clear there was no threat to West Berlin
- August 61, Khrushchev built Berlin Wall - prevent
free movement between East and West
- Khrushchev didn't want war over Berlin but couldn't
allow exodus of East Germans to continue
- 25 July 1961, Kennedy publicly pledged US would not
be driven out of Berlin and announced increases in
armed forces
- Kennedy rejected Khrushchev demand at Vienna that the
US should withdraw from Berlin by the end of that year -
stating that Berlin was central to US security interests
- 4th Berlin Crisis October 1961
- After Berlin Wall crisis, Kennedy sent
General Clay to Berlin as his rep
- October 1961, US diplomat could not enter East
Berlin as he refused to show his passport
- This breached an agreement allowing free travel without
passports for Western and Soviet personnel
- Clay responded by providing US military patrol to
escort the diplomat into East Berlin
- Armed US soldiers accompanied US citizens
- US tanks were stationed at Checkpoint Charlie, the
chief crossing point between East and West Berlin
- 27 October, 33 Soviet tanks enter East Berlin,
23 placed at Brandenburg gate, 10 placed at
Checkpoint Charlie facing US tanks
- Tense stand off ensured that US garrison in Berlin,
Nato and Strategic Air Command were put on alert
- Khrushchev authorised Soviet commander to
return fire if attacked
- Kennedy contacted Khrushchev directly and
proposed joint staged removal of forces
- This solution broke the deadlock - after 16 hours
of nose to nose, tanks on both sides withdrew
- This solution broke the deadlock - after 16 hours
of nose to nose, tanks on both sides withdrew
- Kennedy contacted Khrushchev directly and
proposed joint staged removal of forces
- Khrushchev authorised Soviet commander to
return fire if attacked
- Tense stand off ensured that US garrison in Berlin,
Nato and Strategic Air Command were put on alert
- 27 October, 33 Soviet tanks enter East Berlin,
23 placed at Brandenburg gate, 10 placed at
Checkpoint Charlie facing US tanks
- US tanks were stationed at Checkpoint Charlie, the
chief crossing point between East and West Berlin
- Armed US soldiers accompanied US citizens
- Clay responded by providing US military patrol to
escort the diplomat into East Berlin
- This breached an agreement allowing free travel without
passports for Western and Soviet personnel
- October 1961, US diplomat could not enter East
Berlin as he refused to show his passport
- After Berlin Wall crisis, Kennedy sent
General Clay to Berlin as his rep
- 3rd Berlin Crisis, Berlin Wall, August 1961
- Flexible response and counterforce
- Kennedy and defense secretary McNamara rejected
massive retaliation as being too rigid
- they favoured a 'flexible response' strategy, that
considered the possibility of a limited nuclear war
- As part of this, McNamara developed a 'second strike'
capability, based on bombers, ICBMs and submarines, so the
USA could strike back at Russia after suffering nuclear attack
- 1962, he also introduced the counterforce strategy - to
make the USSR's military bases - not the cities - the targets
of any future US nuclear attack
- USSR did not endorse flexible tactics, they focused on all-out nuclear attack
- Flexible response was expensive and raised basic questions
about how nuclear war could be 'limited' or 'managed'
- A further difficulty with it was the USA's inability to target Soviet nuclear sites accurately
- A further difficulty with it was the USA's inability to target Soviet nuclear sites accurately
- Flexible response was expensive and raised basic questions
about how nuclear war could be 'limited' or 'managed'
- USSR did not endorse flexible tactics, they focused on all-out nuclear attack
- 1962, he also introduced the counterforce strategy - to
make the USSR's military bases - not the cities - the targets
of any future US nuclear attack
- As part of this, McNamara developed a 'second strike'
capability, based on bombers, ICBMs and submarines, so the
USA could strike back at Russia after suffering nuclear attack
- they favoured a 'flexible response' strategy, that
considered the possibility of a limited nuclear war
- Kennedy and defense secretary McNamara rejected
massive retaliation as being too rigid
- Bay Of Pigs 1961
- 1961 - Kennedy authorised CIA-backed invasion of Cuba
- Aim - to spark popular revolt on the island to overthrow Castro
- 1400 lightly armed anti-Castro Cuban exiles landed on the Bay of
Pigs but were quickly overwhelmed by the Cuban army and air force
- Failed assault was a deep humiliation for Kennedy,
who couldn't hide the USA's involvement
- Castro reacted by entering into a defensive
agreement with the USSR - brought Soviet
weapons and military advisers to Cuba
- Khrushchev supplied the island with MiG jets and surface-to-air missiles (SAMs)
- Khrushchev supplied the island with MiG jets and surface-to-air missiles (SAMs)
- Castro reacted by entering into a defensive
agreement with the USSR - brought Soviet
weapons and military advisers to Cuba
- Failed assault was a deep humiliation for Kennedy,
who couldn't hide the USA's involvement
- 1400 lightly armed anti-Castro Cuban exiles landed on the Bay of
Pigs but were quickly overwhelmed by the Cuban army and air force
- Aim - to spark popular revolt on the island to overthrow Castro
- 1961 - Kennedy authorised CIA-backed invasion of Cuba
- Operation Mongoose 1962
- 6 months after Bay of Pigs - the CIA with Kennedy's full
support - launched Operation Mongoose
- A secret programmed designed to destabilise the
Cuban regime and remove Castro
- Between January and July 1962 - 60000 acts of sabotage
were performed - ranging from murder to arson
- USA also held large scale military exercise in the Caribbean to
increase the pressure on Cuba and demonstrate the USAs might
- Both Castro and USSR expected US to invade
- One of key reasons behind Khrushchev placing the
arms in Cuba that led to the Cuban Missile Crisis
- One of key reasons behind Khrushchev placing the
arms in Cuba that led to the Cuban Missile Crisis
- Both Castro and USSR expected US to invade
- USA also held large scale military exercise in the Caribbean to
increase the pressure on Cuba and demonstrate the USAs might
- Between January and July 1962 - 60000 acts of sabotage
were performed - ranging from murder to arson
- A secret programmed designed to destabilise the
Cuban regime and remove Castro
- 6 months after Bay of Pigs - the CIA with Kennedy's full
support - launched Operation Mongoose
- Consequences of Cuban Missile
Crisis for Kennedy
- Gave him a much-needed foreign policy success which strengthened
his presidency- To avoid humiliating the Soviets, he sensibly ordered 'no
boasting, no gloating, not even a claim of victory'
- He could claim to have removed the Soviet nuclear
threat from the USA's backyard and to have
prevented a superpower nuclear exchange
- 10 days after the crisis, Kennedy reaped the domestic political rewards
at the US congressional elections - when the Democrats won their
biggest majority in the senate for 20 years
- Nevertheless, he still had pledged to not attempt to remove
Castro and so had effectively accepted that the island would
stay under comm control for the forseeable future
- Had secretly agreed with Soviets to remove US missiles in Turkey.
This decision was made without the knowledge of the Turkish govt,
and was not revealed to the public until 1968
- Gave him a much-needed foreign policy success which strengthened
his presidency- To avoid humiliating the Soviets, he sensibly ordered 'no
boasting, no gloating, not even a claim of victory'
- Events of 1963 - Post CMC
- The hot-line agreement June 1963
- CMC had shown the necessity for rapid communication
between the superpowers
- As a result - the hotline was set up between the Whitehouse and
the Kremlin so that the US and Soviet leaders could contact
eachother immediately in crisis
- Aim - to ensure that any superpower misjudgements
could be resolved before serious crisis developed
- Nixon and Brezhnev used it once in 1971 during India-Pakistan war
- Nixon and Brezhnev used it once in 1971 during India-Pakistan war
- Aim - to ensure that any superpower misjudgements
could be resolved before serious crisis developed
- As a result - the hotline was set up between the Whitehouse and
the Kremlin so that the US and Soviet leaders could contact
eachother immediately in crisis
- CMC had shown the necessity for rapid communication
between the superpowers
- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty - August 1963
- By October 1958 - both superpowers - aware of the
positive publicity value - began a voluntary suspension
on nuclear tests, which lasted for 3 years
- During this period, a more formal agreement could not be
reached as the USSR rejected US demands for rigorous
on site inspections of underground nuclear tests
- August 1961 - USSR resume atmospheric tests and
USA follow suit with new round of underground and
atmospheric tests
- Sobering impact of CMC led to the superpowers and
Britain signing the Nuclear Test Ban treaty 1963
- Banned them from conducting nuclear tests in the atmosphere,
under water or in space. Underground was still permitted as long
as it only impacted the country who carried it out
- Banned them from conducting nuclear tests in the atmosphere,
under water or in space. Underground was still permitted as long
as it only impacted the country who carried it out
- Sobering impact of CMC led to the superpowers and
Britain signing the Nuclear Test Ban treaty 1963
- August 1961 - USSR resume atmospheric tests and
USA follow suit with new round of underground and
atmospheric tests
- During this period, a more formal agreement could not be
reached as the USSR rejected US demands for rigorous
on site inspections of underground nuclear tests
- By October 1958 - both superpowers - aware of the
positive publicity value - began a voluntary suspension
on nuclear tests, which lasted for 3 years
- The hot-line agreement June 1963
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