6802962
Description
Mind Map by Darby Milman, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Darby Milman
about 8 years ago
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Sensation & Perception
- Psychophysics: Basic Concepts
and Issues
- Psychophysics: The
study of how
physical stimuli are
translated into
psychological
experience
- Thresholds: A dividing point
between energy levels that do
and do not have a detectable
effect
- Absolute Threshold: For a specific type of
sensory input is the minimum amount of
stimulation that an organism can detect
- JND: The smallest
difference in the amount
of stimulation that a
specific sense can detect
- Weber's Law: States that the size of a just noticeable
difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial
stimulus
- Weber's Law: States that the size of a just noticeable
difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial
stimulus
- Absolute Threshold: For a specific type of
sensory input is the minimum amount of
stimulation that an organism can detect
- Signal Detection Theory:
Proposes that the detection of
stimuli involves decision
processes as well as sensory
processes, which are both
influenced by a variety of
factors besides stimulus
intensity.
- Hits: Detecting
signals when
they are
present
- Misses: Failing
to detect
signals when
they are
present
- False Alarms:
Detecting
signals when
they are not
present
- Correct
Rejections: Not
detecting signals
when they are
absent
- Detectability: Measured in terms
of probability and depends on
decision-making processes as
well as sensory processes
- Hits: Detecting
signals when
they are
present
- Subliminal Perception: The
registration of sensory input
without conscious awareness
- Sensory Adaption: A gradual decline in
sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation
- Psychophysics: The
study of how
physical stimuli are
translated into
psychological
experience
- Our Sense of Sight: The Visual System
- The Stimulus: Light
- We need light to
see
- Light waves vary in amplitude
(height) and wavelength (distance
between peaks)
- Measured in Purity:
How varied the mix is
- Ultraviolet =
shorter
wavelengths
- Infrared =
longer
wavelengths
- We need light to
see
- The Eye: A living Optical Instrument
- Two main purposes
- 1. Channel light to
the neural tissue
that receives it
(retina)
- 2. Houses
the Retina
- 1. Channel light to
the neural tissue
that receives it
(retina)
- Lens: Transparent eye
structure that focuses
the light rays falling on
the retina
- Accommodation: When the curvature of the lens adjusts
to alter visual focus. Closer = Fatter (rounder) and
Distant = flatter
- Accommodation: When the curvature of the lens adjusts
to alter visual focus. Closer = Fatter (rounder) and
Distant = flatter
- Nearsightedness:
Close objects are
seen clearly but
close distant objects
appear blurry
- Farsightedness: Distant objects
are seen clearly but close objects
appear blurry
- Pupil: The opening in the centre of the iris that helps
regulate the amount of light passing into the rear
chamber of the eye
- Our eyes are in constant
motion called Saccades
and are important so we
don't experience sensory
adaption and lose sight of
things around us
- Two main purposes
- The Retina: The Brain's Envoy in the
Eye
- The neural tissue lining the
inside back surface of the eye; it
absorbs light, processes images,
and sends visual information to
the brain
- Processes
images
- Optic Disk: a hole in the
retina where the optic
nerve fibres exit the eye
- Two kinds of visual
receptors located in the
innermost layer of the
retina
- Cones: Specialized
visual receptors that
play a key role in
daylight vision and
colour vision
- Visual Acuity: Sharpness and precise
detail
- Fovea: A tiny spot in the centre of the
retina that contains only cones; visual
acuity is greatest at this spot
- Visual Acuity: Sharpness and precise
detail
- Rods: Specialized
visual receptors that
play a key role in
night vision and
peripheral vision
- Cones: Specialized
visual receptors that
play a key role in
daylight vision and
colour vision
- Dark Adaption: The process in which
the eyes become more sensitive to
light in low illumination
- Light Adaption: The process whereby the
eyes become less sensitive to light in
high illumination
- Optic Nerve: A
collections of
axons that
connect the
eye with the
brain
- The Receptive Field: The Retinal area that
when stimulated affects the firing of that
cell
- The neural tissue lining the
inside back surface of the eye; it
absorbs light, processes images,
and sends visual information to
the brain
- Visual Pathways to the
Brain
- Optic Chiasm: The point at which the optic nerves from the
inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the
opposite hald of the brain
- LGN: Lateral Geniculate Nucleus where 90
percent of the axons from the retinas
synapses are located and visual signals are
processed.
- Optic Chiasm: The point at which the optic nerves from the
inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the
opposite hald of the brain
- Viewing the World in
Colour
- Subtractive Colour Mixing:
Works by removing some
wavelengths of light, leaving
less light than was originally
there
- Additive Colour Mixing:
Works by superimposing
lights, putting more light in
the mixture than exists in
any one light by itself
- Trichromatic Theory: Colour vision holds
that the human eye has three types of
receptors with differing sensitivities to
different light wavelengths
- Colour-blindness:
Encompasses a
variety of
deficiencies in the
ability to
distinguish among
colours
- Complementary Colours:
Pairs of colours that
produce grey tones when
mixed together
- Afterimage: A
visual image
that persists
after a
stimulus is
removed
- Opponent Process Theory: Holds that
colour perception depends on receptors
that make antagonistic responses to three
pairs of colours
- Subtractive Colour Mixing:
Works by removing some
wavelengths of light, leaving
less light than was originally
there
- Vison and the
Brain
- Feature detectors: Neurons that
respond selectively to very specific
features of more complex stimuli
- visual
agnosia:
An
inability
to
reorganize
objects
- Prosopagnosia:
An inability to
recognize
familiar faces
- Feature detectors: Neurons that
respond selectively to very specific
features of more complex stimuli
- The Stimulus: Light
- Our Sense of Hearing: The Auditory System
- Cochlea: Fluid-filled,
coiled tunnel that
contains the receptors
for hearing
- Basilar
Membrane: Runs
the length of the
spiralled cochlea,
holds the
auditory
receptors
- Theories of Hearing
- Place Theory: Holds
that perception of
pitch corresponds to
the vibration of
different portions, or
places, along the
basilar membrane
- Frequency Theory: Holds that perception of pitch
corresponds to the rate, or frequency, at which the
entire basilar membrane vibrates
- Place Theory: Holds
that perception of
pitch corresponds to
the vibration of
different portions, or
places, along the
basilar membrane
- Cochlea: Fluid-filled,
coiled tunnel that
contains the receptors
for hearing
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