682657
Description
Mind Map by issy_hinds, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by issy_hinds
almost 11 years ago
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Problem Solving
- Knowledge lean: only whats in
problem knowledge needed ie. 4 X 12
- K-L problems allow us to: control the
complexity of the problem, control the
number of solutions, investigate general
processes underlying human problem
solving behaviour without:requiring
experts in particular field, being unsure
of what constitutes a 'valid' solution
- K-L problems allow us to: control the
complexity of the problem, control the
number of solutions, investigate general
processes underlying human problem
solving behaviour without:requiring
experts in particular field, being unsure
of what constitutes a 'valid' solution
- Knowledge-rich: knowledge outwith
problem needed ie. how do I find a
job?
- History of research: Behaviourist view (eg Thorndyke, 1911) problem solving
is a result of trial and error, simply a reproduction of learned behaviour. Idea
pervaded all of behaviourism.
- For humans very different school of thinking, no trial and error. Gestalt view
(eg. Kohler, 1927) problems can be solved be 'insight', all mental
representations of a solution can be restructured so right solution just
appears. Problem solving both reproductive and productive. Reproduction of
previous behaviour can be useful but can also hinder problem
solving-functional fixedness. Production is characterized by insight ans
restructurings;often accompanied by 'ah-ha!'
- For humans very different school of thinking, no trial and error. Gestalt view
(eg. Kohler, 1927) problems can be solved be 'insight', all mental
representations of a solution can be restructured so right solution just
appears. Problem solving both reproductive and productive. Reproduction of
previous behaviour can be useful but can also hinder problem
solving-functional fixedness. Production is characterized by insight ans
restructurings;often accompanied by 'ah-ha!'
- Difficulties: functional fixedness- a tendency to use objects and concepts
in the problem enviroment in only their customary and usual way. hard to
imagine using an object for another other than intended purpose (maier 1931)
string problem only 39% of people got it, had to use objects as weights,
insight comes when you realise this (this is productive thought). Dunker (1945) candle problem: if
functional f is there won't be able to see past box being just for thumtacks (reproductive),
did better when tacks are next to box. Scheerer (1963) fixated on shape of
dots feel you can't go outside it, but thats how you solve problem
- previous experience not relavent for these tasks, insight lead to
understanding. seperation of learning and problem solving.
Previous experience appears to decrease probablitity of insight,
as we see when tacks are taken out of box
- (Negative) set effects : tendancy to solve problem in a particular way, using
a single approach. Luchins (1942) by realising there was a particular rule to
approach problem subjects simply fixed on it, only able to interact with this
problem based on that and struggled to let go of this. Monk story, set effect
that details matter, can't let go of details
- Both set and fixed examples of failure to search for
other possibilities beyond the typical ie.
conformation bias. people normally have trouble
thinking of ways to falsify or contradict themselves 'how can i not use this as a box?'
- previous experience not relavent for these tasks, insight lead to
understanding. seperation of learning and problem solving.
Previous experience appears to decrease probablitity of insight,
as we see when tacks are taken out of box
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