Evolution

Annotations:

• Genotype describes genes (instructions)

Annotations:

• Phenotype describes traits (result) - Determined by genotype (and environment)

1. Mutations

   Annotations:

   • - Are changes in the DNA sequence - Can occur in the coding or non-coding regions of DNA - Can occur in somatic or germ cells
   1. Somatic Cells

      Annotations:

      • Mutations in somatic cells cannot be inherited
   2. Germ Cells

      Annotations:

      • Mutations in germ cells cannot be inherited
   3. Causes
      1. Spontaneous
      2. Induced
   4. Types
      1. Point Mutations
      2. Insertions/Deletions
      3. Translocations, deletions, or duplications
   5. Outcomes
      1. Loss-of-Function
      2. Gain-of-Function
      3. Silent
2. Reproduction
3. Bacteria
   1. Conjugation

      Annotations:

      • DNA plasmid transfer between existing cells
   2. Transformation

      Annotations:

      • Uptake of DNA from the environment.
   3. Transduction

      Annotations:

      • Spread of DNA through bacteriaphage (viruses)
4. Transposons

   Annotations:

   • - 'Jumping Genes' - Contain genes that promote integration and "excision" (cutting themselves out of the DNA). - Reintegrate somewhere else - Can take other DNA with them