Cells

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• Single circular molecule of DNA not associated with protein and free in the cytoplasm Carries genetic codes for proteins

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• Contains Murein: a glycoprotein Prevents osmotic lysis Rigid and strengthening

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• Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins Controls passage of substances across exchange surfaces by passive processes and active transport

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• Small structure in cytoplasm Protein Synthesis

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• Thin rotating fibre Responsible for movement of the cell

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• 1 or more small loops of DNA, can replicate independently. Passes genetic info via conjugation to other bacteria

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• Extra layer around cell wall Protects from desiccation, phagocytosis and some pathogens

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• Phospholipid bilayer which contains proteins Selectively permeable Allows cell identification

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• Surrounded by a nuclear envelope with nuclear pores. Nucleolus and chromatin (DNA and protein) are present. Contains genetic codes for making proteins. Nucleolus manufactures ribosomes

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• Surrounded by 2 membranes- Inner membrane folded & forms cristae Fluid inside is the matrix Produces ATP from aerobic respiration ATP= energy store used by cells for processes like active transport and protein synthesis

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• Series of tubes in cytoplasm of cell. Appears rough due to ribosomes attached Synthesis and transport of proteins through cytoplasm

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• Small organelle not surrounded by membrane Protein synthesis

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• Series of tubes in cytoplasm with no ribosomes attached. Synthesises and transports lipids

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• Stack of flattened sacs. Vesicles bud off from the ends of the sacs. Modifies proteins that are in the cell and packages them into vesicles. Forms lysosomes

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• Membrane bound organelle containing digestive enzymes. Digest unwanted material in the cell

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• Made of cellulose, has a high tensile strength. Prevents osmotic lysis

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• Filled with sap- a weak solution of sugars and salts. Helps give the cell rigidity

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• Typically in the mesophyll cell in leaves. Allows photosynthesis to take place.

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• either DNA or RNA

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• A protein coat

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• Allows virus to attach to host cell thus use that cells machinery to replicate. Complementary to receptors on host cell membrane

1. Cell debris is filtered leaving a suspension

1. Resultant suspension is centrifuged at low speed
   1. Most dense organelle is seperated
      1. Rest are still suspended in supernatant
         1. Supernatant poured into separate tube and spun faster
2. Nuclei is most likely to be first separated (most dense), then mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosmes

1. Buffer

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   • Controls PH level to be constant so denaturation of enzymes and proteins will be prevented
2. Cold temp

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   • reduce enzyme activity to prevent digestion of organelles
3. Isotonic

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   • Prevents osmotic lysis