Mutation

Description

First year Genetics & Society (Genes, Alleles, and the Central Dogma) Mind Map on Mutation, created by clairegillian95 on 03/04/2014.
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Mind Map by clairegillian95, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by clairegillian95 over 10 years ago
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Resource summary

Mutation
  1. A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that is heritable
    1. People like some of the phenotypes produced by mutant alleles
      1. Recessive Mutations
        1. Phenotype is associated with the homozygous condition
          1. Often involve the loss of gene function
            1. Null / Amorphic Alleles
              1. A nonfunctional protein is produced OR no protein is produced
              2. Hypomorphic Alleles
                1. A poorly functioning protein is produced OR reduced amounts of a normally functioning protein is produced
            2. Dominant Mutations
              1. Only need one copy of allele to see phenotype
                1. Often involve gain/change of gene function
                  1. Dominant Hypermorphic Alleles
                    1. Negative phenotypic consequences due to the over-production of a normal protein OR negative phenotypic consequences due to the production of a protein with increased activity levels
                    2. Neomorphic Alleles
                      1. Negative phenotypic consequences due to the presence of an altered protein that has a new function
                  2. Silent Mutation: DNA change results in a new mRNA codon that specifies the same amino acid
                    1. Missense Mutation: DNA change results in a new mRNA codon that specifies a different amino acid
                      1. Nonsense Mutation: DNA change results in a new mRNA codon that is a STOP codon
                        1. Frameshift Mutation: DNA change that results in a change in the reading frame. Downstream from the insertion/deletion, the reading frame is shifted, which results in a very different amino acid sequence for the latter part of the protein
                          1. Sources of Mutations
                            1. Spontaneous: Changes in the nucleotide sequence as a result of errors in the DNA replication
                              1. Induced: Changes in the nucleotide sequence which result from exposure to radiation and mutagenic chemicals
                              2. Certain chemicals are mutagenic
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