Internal:
Factors within
schools and the
education
system.
Labelling
Secondary school
Primary school
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Teachers' expectations
Streaming
Educational triage
Pupils' subcultures
Anti-school subculture
Pro-school subculture
Abolish streaming
Pupil responses
Pupils' class identities + the school
Habitus
Symbolic capital + Symbolic violence
'Nike' identities
Working-class identity
Class identity and self-exclusion
External:
Factors
outside the
education
system. I.e.
Home &
family
background
Cultural
deprivation
Material
deprivation
Cultural capital
Children are lacking the basic values, attitudes &
skills needed for educational success, because
working-class families are failing to socialise their
children properly.
Language
Hubbs-Tait et al
discovered that where
parents use language
that challenges their
children to evaluate
their own abilities,
cognitive performance
improves.
Without the necessary
language skills that
challenges them,
children are unable to
use it to explain,
describe, compare or
question.
Leon Feinstein
found that
educated are
more likely to use
language that
challenges the
children.
Educated parents
are more likely to
use praise which
encourages
children to
develop their own
ability to be
successful.
Speech codes: Basil Bernstein
Restricted code
Often used by the
working-class. It has a
limited vocabulary
and has short,
unfinished and
grammatically simple
sentences.
It is context bound, meaning the
speaker assumes the listener
shares the same set of
experiences.
Elaborated code
Often used by the
working class. It has a
wider vocabulary and
has longer,
grammatically complex
sentences.
Context-free, meaning the
speaker does not assume the
listener shares the same set of
experiences.
Elaborated code is often
used by teachers,
textbooks and exams. This
puts the working-class at a
disadvantage.
Bernstein says the
working-class tends to fail
because schools do not
teach them how to use
the elaborated code.
Working-class
subculture
Parents'
education
Douglas found that working-class
families tend to place less value on
education. Meaning they were less
ambitious for their children, less
encouraging and not interested as
much in their education.