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Mind Map by jacksearle, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by jacksearle
over 10 years ago
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The origins of Détente 1969-1972
- Introduction
- The Nature of Détente
- Broadly, Détente refers to a period in which US
and USSR attempted to reach general agreement
on arms reduction and trade relations
- Détente also characterised by summits between
senior figures and a reduction in hostile propaganda
- However, détente didnt include any attempt to
resolved ideological difference
- However, détente didnt include any attempt to
resolved ideological difference
- Détente also characterised by summits between
senior figures and a reduction in hostile propaganda
- Broadly, Détente refers to a period in which US
and USSR attempted to reach general agreement
on arms reduction and trade relations
- Nixon and Détente
- Nixon became president in 1969
- Détente was one of his key policy
objectives - therefore is dated as
the beginning of his presidency
- Détente was one of his key policy
objectives - therefore is dated as
the beginning of his presidency
- Nixon became president in 1969
- Superpowers and Détente
- Both sides united in pursuing D in
order to avoid a nuclear war
- 1963-1969 USSR began to close the
'missile gap' with the US
- By 1969 - arms race had created a situation in which a full scale nuclear
war would lead to 'mutually assured destruction' MAD
- Both sides recognised that it was vital to avoid nuclear war
- Both sides recognised that it was vital to avoid nuclear war
- By 1969 - arms race had created a situation in which a full scale nuclear
war would lead to 'mutually assured destruction' MAD
- 1963-1969 USSR began to close the
'missile gap' with the US
- Both sides united in pursuing D in
order to avoid a nuclear war
- The Nature of Détente
- Reasons for the USA to pursue Détente
- Vietnam
- N's govt primary objective was the withdrawal of troops from Vietnam
- Vietnam war had weakened US moral authority as leader of the free world
- Also very expensive - 1969 alone - cost $30 billion
- N hoped withdrawal could be achieved, in part, by improving
relations with USSR - who had supported the Vietcong since
Brezhnev came to power in late 1964
- N hoped withdrawal could be achieved, in part, by improving
relations with USSR - who had supported the Vietcong since
Brezhnev came to power in late 1964
- Also very expensive - 1969 alone - cost $30 billion
- Vietnam war had weakened US moral authority as leader of the free world
- N's govt primary objective was the withdrawal of troops from Vietnam
- Economics
- By 1970, the 'long post-war boom' was
coming to an end
- Inflation reached 6% in 1970
- Unemployment rose to more than 5% in early 70s
- Early 70s witnessed the end of Bretton Woods currency system - system that
fixed international exchange rates - the collapse of the system and the
introduction of free-floating currencies made international trade less stable -
leading to economic difficulties in West
- Inflation reached 6% in 1970
- Détente offered partial solution to USAs economic
concerns, as it had the potential to create a reduction in
defence spending and greater trade with USSR
- By 1970, the 'long post-war boom' was
coming to an end
- Kissinger's realpolitik
- Nixon govt, particularly Kissinger, committed to 'realpolitik'
- Détente was an expression of realpolitik, focused
on practical issues such as arms reduction, rather
than solving ideological differences
- Realpolitik meant the USA maintaining realistic
goals in dealings with China and USSR - rather
than pursuing an ideological struggle
- Realpolitik meant the USA maintaining realistic
goals in dealings with China and USSR - rather
than pursuing an ideological struggle
- Détente was an expression of realpolitik, focused
on practical issues such as arms reduction, rather
than solving ideological differences
- Nixon govt, particularly Kissinger, committed to 'realpolitik'
- Normalisation
- Kissinger believed that process of negotiation could
'normalise' the superpower relationship
- He believed that détente could create a framework in which the 2
superpowers could work, preventing erratic behaviour on part of the
USSR
- He believed that détente could create a framework in which the 2
superpowers could work, preventing erratic behaviour on part of the
USSR
- Kissinger believed that process of negotiation could
'normalise' the superpower relationship
- Vietnam
- Reasons for the USSR to pursue Détente
- Economics
- USSR economy roughly a sixth of the size of the USA's
- Increasing demands for consumer goods from the
population - that the economy could not fulfil
- Détente allowed Russian leaders to ease economic
problems by reducing defence spending and
encouraging loans and trade from West
- Détente allowed Russian leaders to ease economic
problems by reducing defence spending and
encouraging loans and trade from West
- Increasing demands for consumer goods from the
population - that the economy could not fulfil
- USSR economy roughly a sixth of the size of the USA's
- Nuclear Parity
- USSR economy could not produce nuclear weapons as
effectively as the USA
- By end of 69, USA's nuclear arsenal 28200 warheads - USSR held only 11000
- Détente offered USSR chance of achieving nuclear parity - through
treaties that limited nuclear stockpiles of both countries
- Détente offered USSR chance of achieving nuclear parity - through
treaties that limited nuclear stockpiles of both countries
- By end of 69, USA's nuclear arsenal 28200 warheads - USSR held only 11000
- USSR economy could not produce nuclear weapons as
effectively as the USA
- China
- deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations and USA's increading willingness to
negotiate with China caused the Soviet politburo to fear a Sino-US
anti-Soviet alliance
- Détente was an attempt to diffuse this by establishing a
working relationship with the USA
- Détente was an attempt to diffuse this by establishing a
working relationship with the USA
- deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations and USA's increading willingness to
negotiate with China caused the Soviet politburo to fear a Sino-US
anti-Soviet alliance
- The Third World
- Brezhnev was committed to extending Soviet influence in the third world
- That risked destabilising the US-USSR relationship
- Détente was an attempt to placate the USA and therefore
extend influence in the 3rd world without risking further conflict
- Détente was an attempt to placate the USA and therefore
extend influence in the 3rd world without risking further conflict
- That risked destabilising the US-USSR relationship
- Brezhnev was committed to extending Soviet influence in the third world
- Economics
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