Deontology

1. What humans can know directly through practical reason (Syntheic) and through pure reason (Analytic) is limited by our existence within space and time
   1. The Noumenal - How things really are The Pheunoumenal - how we tangibly experience things

1. An evil act that leads to good does not render the intent of the original act good
2. "Act for the sake of Duty"

   Annotations:

   • A grocer does not overcharge his customers, so people are served honesty - in order for everyone to buy his products "We cannot assume him to have an inclination towards his customers, leading him out of love, to not preference one man over another. The action was not done out of duty or inclination, but self interest"

1. If I want to 'x' I must do 'y'

Annotations:

• The Formulae of right action

1. Universally Required Morals act as a Catagorical Imperitive

   Annotations:

   • If you owed money, but spent that money on something you wanted, you would be breaking the maxim of 'Keep your promises.' If everybody failed to keep promises, they would not mean anything and thus is not Universally applicable
2. "Be Fair to your customers" is universally applicable, but "Be fair to your customers so they return" is not. The hypothetical imperitive seeks to achieve an end.

Annotations:

• If a murderer asks you where their intended victim is, you should not lie as Lying is wrong.

1. Afterlife thus is required in order to achieve the complete order of things
2. Moral Law would be judged post-mortem

1. Conditional duties that ought to be followed unless there is an over riding reason not to

   Annotations:

   • "I ought to lie, unless lying will save a life"
2. The mature person understand which duties to follow 'at first glance'
   1. Helps overcome dilemmas with conflicting duties. Do not lie? Protect innocent lives?

Annotations:

• 1. Faithful to promises 2. Appreciation for support 3. Impartial, equal treatment 4. Help for others 5. Self-fulfilment 6. Avoid the harm of others 

1. This list is inexhaustive and may present room for self indulgences

1. With sufficient ingenuity, almost every precept can become universalized. All I need to do is characterize proposed actions in such a way that the maxim will permit me to do what I want whilst prohibiting others from ding what would nullify the maxim if universalized. The test of the catagorical imperitive imposes restrictions only on those insufficiently equipped with ingenuity.

1. There is more to the moral point of view than willingness to universalize ones rules

1. Only once you remove sympathy with humans can you no longer be moved by inclination
2. Moral Fanaticism - The elevation of perceived duty above actual humans

1. Gives no moral social outlines. For example, following Kantian Ethics does not determine whether a system of social property is moral as both answers entail an inability to be universialised
2. If everyone gave to the poor, there would be no poor, therefore this is a contradiction and so you 'Ought not to give to the poor'