Used to accurately determine how
much alkali is need to react
completely with a known volume
of acid (or visa versa)
End Point
When acid base
reaction is complete
Method
Wash Pipette (H2O
& Alkali)
Put known volume
alkali into flask
using pipette
Add Indicator
Wash Burette
(H2O & Acid)
Put acid into Burette
Add acid to alkali
until indicator
reaches its end point
Discard anomalies &
repeat 3x until you
get 2 identical
results
Calculate an
average
Calculations
Balanced Symbol Equation
Convert volume into dm3
/1000
Calculate moles of known substance
moles= volume x
concentration
Look at equation for ratio
Calculate moles of
unknown using the
ratio
Calculate unknown concentration
concentration=
moles/volume x
1000 (dm3)
Calculate g/mol
RFM x
calculated
concentration
Chemical Analysis
Qualitative
What is present?
Quantitative
How much is present?
Chemical Equilibrium
Closed System
Nothing in,
Nothing out
The point in a reversible reactions
where the forward & reverse rates of
the reaction are equal therefore the
amount of reactants & products stay
the same
Altering Equilibrium
Position of
equilibrium shifts to
cancel change
If pressure of reactants is
increased to maintain
equilibrium, less product is
formed (and visa versa)
Making
Ammonia - The
Harber Process
Raw Materials
N2 - Air
H2 from CH4
Purified over Fe catalyst
High Temperature
450C
Pressure
200 Atomspheres
The Economics of the
Haber Process
Pressure
increase pressure, increase proudcts
Advantages
more product
Disadvantages
lots of
energy
required
Expensive
Catalyst
speed up reaction
Doesn't affect yield
Lowers activation energy
Temperature
Low temperature
means slower rate
Acid & Alkali
Acid
A substance that has
hydrogen in it. it
releases hydrogen
ions when it dissoves
in water
Alkali
Made up of a hydroxide.
All alkalis are soluble in
water.
Base
Reacts in the same
way as a alkali but
not soluble in water.
Most metal oxides
are bases.
State symbols
(s) solid
(l) liquid
(g) gas
(aq)
aqueous
(dissolved
in
water)