Textual Variations

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English Paper 1 Mind Map on Textual Variations, created by Abbie Jones on 18/04/2017.
Abbie Jones
Mind Map by Abbie Jones, updated more than 1 year ago
Abbie Jones
Created by Abbie Jones over 7 years ago
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Textual Variations
  1. The Functions of interaction: a classification system determined by the Open University
    1. Instrumental function - language used to get something done or to carry out business
      1. Control function: language used to control the behaviour of others or act in a way we want. e.g (parents and chidlren)
        1. Stimulation function: telling jokes and stories to amuse and entertain ourselves
        2. Information function: to pass information or request information
          1. Role- related function: language we are expected to use to fulfil our specific roles. e.g wedding service or a parent.
          2. Expression function: expressing our ideas, feelings and attitudes
            1. Alleviation of Anxiety function: talking about fears and problems can make them seem more manageable
            2. Social contact function: language used to open, establish and maintain relationships with people
            3. Thurnows Classification of communication functions
            4. H.P Grice
              1. The Co-Operative Principle
                1. The Maxim of Relation: make sure whatever you say is relevant to the conversation
                  1. Maxim of Quality: make sure whatever you say it true and there is evidence to what you say
                    1. Maxim of Quantity: make sure that what you say is necessary - no more and no less
                      1. Maxim of Manner: make sure it's clear and it's easy to understand
                  2. Often speakers break the maxims but think they're still using the co-operative principle
                    1. Flouting a maxim: not using the maxim/not following it. This is accidental
                      1. Violating a maxim: Don't want the person to understand. Deliberately not co-operating e.g lying
                        1. Implicatures: implying something, hidden meanings - trying to say more
                    2. Wanted to explain the contextual conditions which had to be met for us to communicate meanings effectively. He created 4 Maxims
                      1. Found that we often don't follow the maxims strongly. However we still manage to communicate our ideas
                        1. This is because listeners assume we are trying to communicate and therefore make what we say fit the maxims.
                      2. Limitations
                        1. The maxims aren't always used and yet we can still have effective conversations.
                          1. Focuses on the transactional functions and ignores interactional sides of language.
                      3. Face Theory:
                        1. Erving Goffman created the term face to describe the public persona we present in interaction. He suggests we are constantly playing a role and presenting 'a version' of ourselves to others.
                          1. Brown and Levinson built on Goffman's ideas and defined 'face' as something that we're emotionally invested in and can be lost, maintained or enhanced.
                            1. Positive face: we want to look good and be noticed. We created a self image that can be appreciated
                              1. Negative face: we don't want to get involved in something
                              2. We try not to make face threatening acts to others in conversation and therefore we use 'facework' to avoid this.
                          2. Politeness Principle - Robin Lakoff
                            1. Created the politeness principle to explain why we flout Grice's maxims
                              1. Lakoff proposed 3 maxims: Don't impose, Give options and Make the reciever(s) feel good
                            2. Turn Taking:
                              1. Pauses can occur between a turn finishing and a turn starting.
                                1. Overlaps are frequent. They happen when simultaaneous speech occurs etc when one turn starts and another ends. They are a sign of one speaker being keen to begin or slightly anticipating the end of a turn.
                                  1. Interruptions happen when a turn shifts from one speaker to another before the first speaker has finished their utterance.
                                    1. Kenneth Wardhaugh - How conversation works
                                      1. says there is several reasons for interruptions - to seek clarification, to correct and to challenge
                                2. Deborah Tannen
                                  1. Identified two different styles of turn taking - high involvement style and high considerateness style.
                                    1. High-involvement style: this involves a lot of simultaneous speech in the form of interruptions and overlaps. = a high level of positive engagement and enthusiasm.
                                      1. High-considerateness style: Speakers are allowed to finish fully and any simultaneous speech creates apologies and withdrawal. = Respect for the speaker
                                  2. Effect of CHANNEL on textual variation
                                    1. Channel is how it exists so sounds, symbols and letters
                                      1. Prosodics: Stress, Pace, Volume and Intonation
                                        1. Not what you say but how you say it.
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