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8970093
Diabetes Mellitus
Description
Mind Map on Diabetes Mellitus, created by Laelle D on 17/05/2017.
No tags specified
biology
diabetes
insulin
causes
treatment
type 1
type 2
a level
Mind Map by
Laelle D
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Laelle D
over 7 years ago
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Resource summary
Diabetes Mellitus
A condition where the body can't produce enough insulin to control the blood glucose concentration
Hypoglycaemia
After a meal rich in carbohydrates + sugars
Hyperglycaemia
After exercising or fasting
TYPE 1
Causes
From childhood
Autoimmune response; immune system attacks and destroys beta cells
= Beta cells unable to produce insulin, so excess glucose cant be converted into glycogen (glycogenesis)
Prolonged high blood glucose concentration- hyperglycaemia
Also hypoglycaemia; no stored glycogen to be converted into glucose (glycogenolysis) -when blood glucose levels lower
Treatment
Insulin is injected
Blood glucose conc. must be monitored so the correct dosage of insulin is administered to keep levels relatively stable
Not taken in tablet form as this may be digested into amino acids!
Alternatives to injections
Insulin pump therapy- small device constantly pumps insulin into blood via. permanent needle inserted under skin
Pancreas transplant
Islet of Langerhans transplant; beta cells implanted into pancreas of type 1 sufferer
TYPE 2
Causes
Person can't produce enough insulin
As we age, we also become less responsive to insulin
Possibly because, the insulin receptors on liver, muscle + brain cells become less responsive to insulin, so it doesn't produce a response in the cell
Blood glucose conc. are almost permanently raised (hyperglycaemia), which can cause damage to major organs + circulation
Factors that bring on type 2
Obesity
Diets rich in sugars (especially refined sugars)
Lack of regular exercise
Being of Asian/Afro-carribean descent
Family history
Treatment
Lifestyle changes; regular exercise, lose weight, monitor diet (less carbs + sugars)
May be supplemented by medication...
That reduces the amount of glucose in blood
or boosts the amount of insulin released by beta cells
In severe cases; insulin injections or injections that slow the absorption of glucose
Source of insulin
Used to be extracted from animals; pigs- (closely matches our insulin)
Now human insulin is produced by GM E.coli becateria
Less moral objections; than from animals extracted insulin
Cheaper to manufacture insulin than extract it
Exact copy of human insulin; faster acting + more effective
Manufacturing process can be adapted to demand
Less chances of being infected
Less chance of rejecting; due to an autoimmune response or developing tolerance to it
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