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Approaches in psychology

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A2 Psychology Mind Map on Approaches in psychology, created by Holly Dulwich on 24/05/2017.
Holly Dulwich
Mind Map by Holly Dulwich, updated more than 1 year ago
Holly Dulwich
Created by Holly Dulwich over 7 years ago
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Resource summary

Approaches in psychology
  1. origins in psychology
    1. description
      1. Wundt. Human mind test scientifically
        1. Structuralism, study of human mind
        2. Evaluation
          1. Wundt relied on non observable methods
            1. Introspection is highly subjective
              1. Griffths thought processes of people who gamble regularly
              2. The emergence of psychology as a science
                1. Description
                  1. Watson and Skinner, Wundt not scientific enough
                    1. 2 main assumptions, predictability and determinism
                      1. Objective, systematic, reliable
                      2. Evaluation
                        1. Objective and systematic methods are relaible
                          1. Repeating of studies
                            1. Controlled solutions are artificial
                              1. Most subjects in psychology are unobservable
                          2. learning approaches
                            1. Classic conditioning
                              1. Description
                                1. Learning through association
                                  1. Neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned response
                                    1. Extinction. NS and CS no longer paired
                                      1. Spontaneous recovery
                                        1. Stimulus generalisation
                                        2. Evaluation
                                          1. Treatment for phobias
                                            1. Too environmentally deterministic
                                              1. Reductionist approach
                                                1. Doesn't explain why we carry out behaviour with no past experience
                                              2. operant conditioning
                                                1. description
                                                  1. Rats learnt by trial and error by pressing certain levers
                                                    1. Positive reinforce- encourage a person to repeat behaviour
                                                      1. Negative reinforcement- encourage people to repeat behaviour to that takes away something negative
                                                      2. evaluation
                                                        1. Highly controlled
                                                          1. Real world application- Token economy in prioson
                                                            1. Simplistic way of explaining behaviour
                                                              1. Skinner
                                                                1. Rats got food pulling one lever and electric shock another
                                                                  1. Learnt through reinforcement
                                                                    1. Highly controlled however, unethical for Animals
                                                                2. Social learning theory
                                                                  1. Description
                                                                    1. Bandura- behaviour is learnt
                                                                      1. Behaviour is learnt through models
                                                                        1. Identification
                                                                          1. Status and sex
                                                                            1. Vicarious reinforcement
                                                                              1. Mediation processes
                                                                                1. Attention
                                                                                  1. Retention
                                                                                    1. Reproduction
                                                                                      1. Motivation
                                                                                    2. Evaluation
                                                                                      1. Bandura- children imitated aggressive behaviour
                                                                                        1. Low ecological validity
                                                                                          1. Reductionalist
                                                                                            1. Some people may be naturally deviant
                                                                                              1. Application- watershed
                                                                                              2. Bandura and Ross
                                                                                                1. Aggressive and non-aggressive model
                                                                                                  1. Verbal and non-verbal
                                                                                                    1. Results- aggressive model physical or verbal
                                                                                                      1. Same sex model
                                                                                                        1. Girls more verbal
                                                                                                          1. Evaluation
                                                                                                            1. Matched pairs
                                                                                                              1. High reliability
                                                                                                                1. Inter-observer reliability
                                                                                                                  1. Demand characteristics
                                                                                                                    1. Low ecological validity
                                                                                                                      1. Ethical issues- exposing children to violence
                                                                                                                2. Cognitive approach
                                                                                                                  1. Mental and internal processes should be studied scientifically
                                                                                                                    1. Theoretical models
                                                                                                                      1. Pictorial- multi-store model
                                                                                                                        1. Studied scientifically
                                                                                                                          1. Models often simplified
                                                                                                                          2. Computer models
                                                                                                                            1. Human mind similar to computer
                                                                                                                              1. Inputs and outputs
                                                                                                                              2. The role of schemas
                                                                                                                                1. Packages of information
                                                                                                                                  1. Help predict the world
                                                                                                                                    1. Help fill in gaps
                                                                                                                                      1. Can lead to stereotypes
                                                                                                                                      2. The emergence of cognitive neuroscience
                                                                                                                                        1. Brain imaging techniques
                                                                                                                                          1. fMRI and PET scans
                                                                                                                                            1. Neurological basis of disorders
                                                                                                                                            2. Evaluation
                                                                                                                                              1. Highly controlled
                                                                                                                                                1. Human brain more complex
                                                                                                                                                  1. Low ecological validity
                                                                                                                                                    1. Real life application
                                                                                                                                                      1. Burnett et al
                                                                                                                                                        1. when people feel guilty- several brain regions are active
                                                                                                                                                    2. Psychodynamic approach
                                                                                                                                                      1. Freud- unconscious mind, childhood experiences
                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure of the personality
                                                                                                                                                          1. Id- satisfy urges
                                                                                                                                                            1. Ego- Rational
                                                                                                                                                              1. Superego- morality identification with same sex parent
                                                                                                                                                              2. Psychosexual stages
                                                                                                                                                                1. Oral stage- 0-2 years
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Anal stage- 2-3 years
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Phallic stage- 3-6 years. Oedipus and Electra complex
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Latent stage 6-12 years
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Genital stage 12 years+
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Defence mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anxiety
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Repression
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Denial
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Based on case studies
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Freudian thereapy
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Little Hans
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Psychic determinism
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hard to test scientifically
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Humanism
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Free will and determinism
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Maslow
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Self actualisation
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Rogers
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Unconditional positive regard
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Congruence
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lack of objectivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ignores negative behaviour
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Real life application-therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Positive compared to psychodynamic
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cultural differences

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