9307179
Description
Mind Map by Emily Garvin-Howard, updated more than 1 year ago
More
Coastal
Landscapes
- natural/ physical elements
- WAVES
- formed due to the transfer of
energy and the direction of the
prevailing wind
- DEPENDS ON: the distance
the wind has blown, the
speed its travelling, and how
long its been travelling.
- destructive waves
- occur in stormy conditions, high
wave height in proportion to
length, high frequency, high
energy, large fetch, responsible
for erosion, greater backwash
than swash, steep beach
- occur in stormy conditions, high
wave height in proportion to
length, high frequency, high
energy, large fetch, responsible
for erosion, greater backwash
than swash, steep beach
- constructive waves
- occur in calm conditions, low wave height in
proportion to length, low frequency, low
energy, transport material via long shore
drift, responsible for deposition, greater
swash than back wash
- LONG SHORE DRIFT
- beach sediment is transported along the coast by waves .
- beach sediment is transported along the coast by waves .
- occur in calm conditions, low wave height in
proportion to length, low frequency, low
energy, transport material via long shore
drift, responsible for deposition, greater
swash than back wash
- destructive waves
- DEPENDS ON: the distance
the wind has blown, the
speed its travelling, and how
long its been travelling.
- formed due to the transfer of
energy and the direction of the
prevailing wind
- LANDFORMS
- BEACHES
- DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORM, formed by
CONSTRUCTIVE WAVES, consist of SAND OR
SHINGLE, made up of VARYINGLY SIZED
SEDIMENT DUE TO LOCAL GEOLOGY AND
WAVE ENERGY
- DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORM, formed by
CONSTRUCTIVE WAVES, consist of SAND OR
SHINGLE, made up of VARYINGLY SIZED
SEDIMENT DUE TO LOCAL GEOLOGY AND
WAVE ENERGY
- BAYS & HEADLANDS
- EROSIONAL LANDFORM: bays and
headlands develop on discordant
coastlines, eg. a mixture of hard and soft
rock. commonly found where cliffs have
fault lines/ distinctive joints.
- the soft rock eg. gravel, sand and clay
erode quickly, forming bays, eg. lulworth
cove, devon.
- the hard (resistant) rocks eg. limestone and
chalk take much longer to erode and are left
jutting out into the sea, as headlands-, eg.
lands end, cornwall
- the hard (resistant) rocks eg. limestone and
chalk take much longer to erode and are left
jutting out into the sea, as headlands-, eg.
lands end, cornwall
- the soft rock eg. gravel, sand and clay
erode quickly, forming bays, eg. lulworth
cove, devon.
- EROSIONAL LANDFORM: bays and
headlands develop on discordant
coastlines, eg. a mixture of hard and soft
rock. commonly found where cliffs have
fault lines/ distinctive joints.
- WAVE CUT PLATFORMS
- EROSIONAL LANDFORM: the erosion of
cliffs by undercut waves at their base
creates a wave cut notch- this leaves an
overhang.
- the overhanging rock collapses and the
cliff retreats inland, resulting in a wace
cut platform
- the overhanging rock collapses and the
cliff retreats inland, resulting in a wace
cut platform
- EROSIONAL LANDFORM: the erosion of
cliffs by undercut waves at their base
creates a wave cut notch- this leaves an
overhang.
- CAVES, ARCHES, STACKS & STUMPS
- EROSIONAL LANDFORM: CAVES. formed by hydraulic
action widening cracks in the cliff face , generally found
on headlands formed from harder resistant rock.
- ARCHES: a cave that is eroded all the way through
the cliff face, eg. durdle door.
- STACKS: the apex of the arch collapses as it is
weakened by weathering, leaving a singular pillar
out to sea, eg. canna stack
- STUMPS: the stack collapses due to erosion and
weathering, resulting in a collapsed stack, or a
stump . (eg. old harry, dorset.)
- STUMPS: the stack collapses due to erosion and
weathering, resulting in a collapsed stack, or a
stump . (eg. old harry, dorset.)
- STACKS: the apex of the arch collapses as it is
weakened by weathering, leaving a singular pillar
out to sea, eg. canna stack
- ARCHES: a cave that is eroded all the way through
the cliff face, eg. durdle door.
- EROSIONAL LANDFORM: CAVES. formed by hydraulic
action widening cracks in the cliff face , generally found
on headlands formed from harder resistant rock.
- SPITS, BARS & TOMBOLOS
- DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS: SPITS.
created by longshore drift, a stretch
of beach material is carried out to
sea from the mainland, eg. spurn
point, yorkshire. the spit can change
shape dependent on wind direction.
- BARS: in the same way as a spit, a
stretch of beach sediment reaches
across a bay, connecting two
headlands eg. Loe bar. a lagoon
forms behind the bar, which
eventually becomes a salt marsh.
- TOMBOLO: a bar or spit that reaches
an island, eg. st ninians
- TOMBOLO: a bar or spit that reaches
an island, eg. st ninians
- BARS: in the same way as a spit, a
stretch of beach sediment reaches
across a bay, connecting two
headlands eg. Loe bar. a lagoon
forms behind the bar, which
eventually becomes a salt marsh.
- DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS: SPITS.
created by longshore drift, a stretch
of beach material is carried out to
sea from the mainland, eg. spurn
point, yorkshire. the spit can change
shape dependent on wind direction.
- BEACHES
- COASTAL PROCESSES
- EROSION- wears away rock and
removes eroded material
- abrasion
- pebbles picked up by
waves are flung at cliffs ,
wearing the cliffs away
- pebbles picked up by
waves are flung at cliffs ,
wearing the cliffs away
- attrition
- pebbles carried by
waves collide with
other particles and
become round and
smooth
- pebbles carried by
waves collide with
other particles and
become round and
smooth
- corrosion
- rocks and minerals are
dissolved by water
- rocks and minerals are
dissolved by water
- hydraulic action
- waves hitting the cliffs force air into
cracks- the pressure created breaks up
the rocks.
- waves hitting the cliffs force air into
cracks- the pressure created breaks up
the rocks.
- abrasion
- WEATHERING- wears away
rocks but leaves weathered
material in situ
- biological
- tree roots and burrowing
animals break soil structure
- tree roots and burrowing
animals break soil structure
- physical
- eg. freeze thaw (water damage),
onion skin (expanding and
contracting due to temperature)
- eg. freeze thaw (water damage),
onion skin (expanding and
contracting due to temperature)
- chemical
- eg. acid rain, attacking alkali
limestone
- eg. acid rain, attacking alkali
limestone
- biological
- MASS MOVEMENT
- rock falls
- FRAGMENTS OF ROCK created by
WEATHERING FALL to the CLIFF BASE
- FRAGMENTS OF ROCK created by
WEATHERING FALL to the CLIFF BASE
- slumping
- the CLIFF BASE is ERODED BY
THE SEA and the TOP IS
SATURATED BY RAIN- the cliff
starts to slide.
- the CLIFF BASE is ERODED BY
THE SEA and the TOP IS
SATURATED BY RAIN- the cliff
starts to slide.
- soil creep
- SLOW MOVEMENT of SATURATED
SOIL creeping down a slope,
resulting in TERRACETTES
- SLOW MOVEMENT of SATURATED
SOIL creeping down a slope,
resulting in TERRACETTES
- rock falls
- EROSION- wears away rock and
removes eroded material
- COASTAL RECESSION
- CLIFF EROSION CAUSES CLIFFS TO RECEDE,
AND THEREFORE THE COASTLINE
- IMPACTS
- NATURAL:
- LOSS OF HABITAT (durlston
bay, dorset, home to 250
species of birds)
- LOSS OF HABITAT (durlston
bay, dorset, home to 250
species of birds)
- HUMAN:
- LOSS OF PROPERTY
(durlston bay, dorset,
Happisburg, norfolk) LOSS
OF BUSINESSES (holbeck
hotel, yorkshire, 1993.)
- issues caused: DIFFICULT TO GET
INSURANCE, LOWERS PROPERTY
PRICES, LIMITED GOVERNMENT
SUPPORT FOR HOME OWNERS
- issues caused: DIFFICULT TO GET
INSURANCE, LOWERS PROPERTY
PRICES, LIMITED GOVERNMENT
SUPPORT FOR HOME OWNERS
- LOSS OF PROPERTY
(durlston bay, dorset,
Happisburg, norfolk) LOSS
OF BUSINESSES (holbeck
hotel, yorkshire, 1993.)
- NATURAL:
- CAUSES
- FETCH- a larger open body of water eg. the atlantic
means a larger fetch, s o bigger more destructive
waves cause more erosion
- GEOLOGY- harder more resistant rock eg. in the north
west of the UK erodes slowly compared to soft rocks
aka clay and sand in th south east of the uk.
- COASTAL MANAGEMENT- coastal defences can
slow down the rate of erosion and protect the
coastline.
- COASTAL MANAGEMENT- coastal defences can
slow down the rate of erosion and protect the
coastline.
- GEOLOGY- harder more resistant rock eg. in the north
west of the UK erodes slowly compared to soft rocks
aka clay and sand in th south east of the uk.
- FETCH- a larger open body of water eg. the atlantic
means a larger fetch, s o bigger more destructive
waves cause more erosion
- IMPACTS
- CLIFF EROSION CAUSES CLIFFS TO RECEDE,
AND THEREFORE THE COASTLINE
- COASTAL
FLOODING
- CAUSES
- causes are: HIGH TIDE LEVELS,
STORM SURGES the ACTION OF
WAVES (influenced by wind speed)
and RISING SEA LEVELS (caused by
global warming and thermal
expansion)
- causes are: HIGH TIDE LEVELS,
STORM SURGES the ACTION OF
WAVES (influenced by wind speed)
and RISING SEA LEVELS (caused by
global warming and thermal
expansion)
- PREVENTION
- BARRIERS to protect against high tides, aka
the thames barrier, FLOOD PLAINS- areas of
open space to allow floodwater to spill over.
FLOOD WALLS built long rivers, eg. the
thames
- BARRIERS to protect against high tides, aka
the thames barrier, FLOOD PLAINS- areas of
open space to allow floodwater to spill over.
FLOOD WALLS built long rivers, eg. the
thames
- PLANNING
- PREDICTION: the EA monitors sea
conditions to help predict potential
flooding, EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS are
put in place, FLOOD EDUCATION eg. what
to do in the event of a flood , ESCAPE
ROUTES, ADVICE from services such as the
EA nand the health protection agency.
- PREDICTION: the EA monitors sea
conditions to help predict potential
flooding, EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS are
put in place, FLOOD EDUCATION eg. what
to do in the event of a flood , ESCAPE
ROUTES, ADVICE from services such as the
EA nand the health protection agency.
- areas at risk are
LOWLYING, aka the
NETHERLANDS, the
MALDIVES,
BANGLADESH,
NORFOLK
- CAUSES
- WAVES
- manmade elements
- COASTAL ENGINEERING
- HARD
- traditional approach,
involves building
structures
- CURVED SEA WALLS
- PROS: protects cliffs and
buildings, reassures home
owners, can prevent coastal
flooding
- CONS: ugly, can cause
erosion of beach in front,
wall may erode,
maintenance is constant
and expensive. costs
£5000- £100000 to build
per linear metre
- eg. blackpool, porthleven
- eg. blackpool, porthleven
- CONS: ugly, can cause
erosion of beach in front,
wall may erode,
maintenance is constant
and expensive. costs
£5000- £100000 to build
per linear metre
- PROS: protects cliffs and
buildings, reassures home
owners, can prevent coastal
flooding
- GROYNES
- PROS: prevents long shore drift, builds up beach (acts as
natural defense against erosion, attracts tourists),
cheapish to build at £2000 per m
- CONS: can cause erosion further along the coast,
ugly, needs replacing regularly
- eg. eastbourne
- eg. eastbourne
- CONS: can cause erosion further along the coast,
ugly, needs replacing regularly
- PROS: prevents long shore drift, builds up beach (acts as
natural defense against erosion, attracts tourists),
cheapish to build at £2000 per m
- RIP RAP
- PROS: absorbs wave energy, helps
build up the beach, relatively cheap
(£1000- £3000 per m)
- CONS: not as effective as other
methods, transport can be difficult
- eg. dawlish warren
- eg. dawlish warren
- CONS: not as effective as other
methods, transport can be difficult
- PROS: absorbs wave energy, helps
build up the beach, relatively cheap
(£1000- £3000 per m)
- OFFSHORE REEF
- PROS: prevents erosion of beach,
disperses wave power
- CONS: expensive (£5000 per m),
interferes with fishing,
- eg. bournemouth,
happisburgh
- eg. bournemouth,
happisburgh
- CONS: expensive (£5000 per m),
interferes with fishing,
- PROS: prevents erosion of beach,
disperses wave power
- CURVED SEA WALLS
- traditional approach,
involves building
structures
- SOFT
- better for nature, focuses
on tourism and the
environment
- CLIFF REGRADING
- PROS: reduces slippage, looks natural,
doesn't discourage tourists
- CONS: doesnt protect base of cliff
- eg. swanage bay
- eg. swanage bay
- CONS: doesnt protect base of cliff
- PROS: reduces slippage, looks natural,
doesn't discourage tourists
- BEACH REPLENISHMENT
- PROS: beaches reduce wave energy
and cliff erosion, attracts tourists,
cheapish (£2000 per m)
- CONS: lorries are noisy and pollutive, disturb residents
- eg. carlyon bay
- eg. carlyon bay
- CONS: lorries are noisy and pollutive, disturb residents
- PROS: beaches reduce wave energy
and cliff erosion, attracts tourists,
cheapish (£2000 per m)
- MANAGED RETREAT
- PROS: moving people avoids erosion,
creates new wetland habitats, needs no
maintenance and offers an actual solution
- CONS: compensation can be expensive,
farming and residential land can be lost
- eg. san mateo, california
- eg. san mateo, california
- CONS: compensation can be expensive,
farming and residential land can be lost
- PROS: moving people avoids erosion,
creates new wetland habitats, needs no
maintenance and offers an actual solution
- CLIFF REGRADING
- better for nature, focuses
on tourism and the
environment
- HARD
- COASTAL ENGINEERING
- case studies
- the cornish coast
- the cornish coastline is manly granite, a hard resistant rock,
however it is eroded by a long fetch and high energy
destructive waves .
- HARD ENGINEERING USED
- GABIONS, PORT GWIDDEN- wire
meshed baskets filled with rocks
that absorb wave energy
- SEA WALLS, MOUSEHOLE
& MARAZION- protect
harbours important for
recreation and industry
- RIP RAP REVETMENTS,
WIDEMOUTH BAY-
absorb energy, reduce
erosion and landslides
- GABIONS, PORT GWIDDEN- wire
meshed baskets filled with rocks
that absorb wave energy
- SOFT ENGINEERING USED
- DUNE STABILISATION, LONG ROCK-
sand dunes absorb wave energy and
educe coastal erosion- stabiliation
prevents them from receeding
- BEACH REPLENISHMENT,
CARLYON BAY- prevents the
loss of coastal footpaths, a
natural defense against
erosion
- DUNE STABILISATION, LONG ROCK-
sand dunes absorb wave energy and
educe coastal erosion- stabiliation
prevents them from receeding
- HARD ENGINEERING USED
- the cornish coastline is manly granite, a hard resistant rock,
however it is eroded by a long fetch and high energy
destructive waves .
- happisburgh
- SMALL TOWN, on NORFOLKS
NORTH COAST
- THE ISSUE: one of the fastest
eroding places globally, at 9m
per year
- WHY: the village is built on soft rock
which erodes quickly. the cliffs are
only 6-10m high and are made of
laminated clay. the north sea has a
large fetch, resulting in large
destructive waves .
- IMPACTS: house prices have dropped from £80
000 to £1, residents will be made homeless, over
20 square miles of farming land would be lost.
- PREVENTION: wooden revetments, no longer
maintained as too expensive. off shore reef,
only partially effective. the government is
recommending managed retreatt as
happisburgh not worth saving- CCAG and local
residents disagree
- PREVENTION: wooden revetments, no longer
maintained as too expensive. off shore reef,
only partially effective. the government is
recommending managed retreatt as
happisburgh not worth saving- CCAG and local
residents disagree
- IMPACTS: house prices have dropped from £80
000 to £1, residents will be made homeless, over
20 square miles of farming land would be lost.
- WHY: the village is built on soft rock
which erodes quickly. the cliffs are
only 6-10m high and are made of
laminated clay. the north sea has a
large fetch, resulting in large
destructive waves .
- THE ISSUE: one of the fastest
eroding places globally, at 9m
per year
- SMALL TOWN, on NORFOLKS
NORTH COAST
- the cornish coast
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