Theories of Crime/Deviance - created from Mind Map

Functionalism DURKHEIM MERTON Inevitable, Universal, Relative, Functional (reinforces boundaries preventing anomie. - Doesn't explain causes. Crime exists because society shares American Dream. + Messner & Rosenheld: explains why Japan low crime US high. - Doesn't explain crimes without £$ gain. - Determinist - Official Statistics, interpretivists don't like - Accepts official stat w-c=criminal, what about corporate? MARXISTS Not everyone can achieve lawfully. Responses: Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion STRAIN between ambitions and ability. +Nightingale; found Philidelphia gangs wanted latest goods, did this illegally.

Subcultural Theorists COHEN CLOWARD & OHLIN MILLER DOWNES found no evidence of; focal c's or status frustration in UK MATZA, determinist, people actually 'float' in/out of gangs not STUCK. w-c delinquent due to status frustration Can't gain status via academic success so through delinquency. w-c boys join gangs - status through promotion = commit crimes to get promoted. w-c 'focal concerns' differ from consensus values Focal concerns mean more likely to get in trouble e.g. 'laugh' 'toughness'

Marxist Subcultural Theory w-c boys disadvantaged under cap. = gangs and crime as form of 'resistance' against cap. + 'Skinheads' 60s, w-c 'uniform' bc loosing their culture - suggesting crime is 'god'? Marxism Capitalism is a crime as it is based on exploitation. The real criminals are those - corporate crime/white-collar (SLAPPER&TOMBS) - Why do communist countries have crime then? And it causes crime because of it's values e.g. 'competition'. SUPPORTING MERTON? We are manipulated into thinking these crimes aren't really that major - so won't challenge cap. and rebel. Not really punished 'fines'

Environmental Theory SHAW&McKAY SUTHERLAND&CRESSEY 'differential association' Privatisation public space, Nocturnal economy Chicago, 'concentric zones'. Cultural Transmission - poorest parts of city crime = 'norm' passed through genertaions. 'Problem Families' TIPPING - BALDWIN&BOTTOMS Zone nearest city = crime bc 'zone of transition' - low sense of 'community due to high population turnover. Broken Windows Theory GILL - LUKE STREET Determinist? not so easily influenced?

Social Action theory Labelling BRAITHWITE - 'shaming' - 'disintegrative'=reoffending marginalised. BECKER - 'self-fulfilling prop', 'master label' 'deviant career'. JOCK YOUNG 'hippies' - 'deviancy amplification' CHAMBLISS 'Saints & Roughnecks' & RDU M-C use 'cultural capital' t talk way out of crimes, why w-c seem more crim. - official stats = constructs + countries with 'integrative' lower reoffending rates.

PostmodernistsIdentity choice.

Theories of Crime/Deviance