Taxnonomy Notes

General Taxonomy: a system by which we name and classify all organisms, both living and extinct. Carl Linnaeus developed the system we use today. It is known as the system of binomial nomenclature; every organism has a two-part name. Every organism into a hierarchy of taxa; levels of organization. Taxa includes: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. 1990: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae ,and Animalia Archaebacteria includes extremophiles; microorganisms that live in extreme environments seemed different from bacteria needed their own kingdom Monera no longer exists Today Three-domain system: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Domain Bacteria single celled: prokaryotes, no internal membrane some are anaerobes, some are aerobes vital role in ecosystem; as decomposers (recycle dead organic matter) many pathogens; disease causing vital role in genetic engineering; bacteria in human intestine manufacture human insulin some carry out conjugation, primative form of sexual reproduction where they exchange genetic material have thick rigid cell wall containing peptidoglycan some photosynthesis no introns i.e. blue-green algae, bacteria like E. Coli (human intestine), disease causing; Streptococcus, and ones that are needed in nitrogen cycle

Domain Archaea unicellular prokaryotic includes extremophiles (live in extreme environments) introns present in some Methangens: need methane for energy Halophiles: thrive in high salt concentration Thermophiles: thrive in high temps.

Domain Eukarya all have a nucleus and internal organs include the 4 kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Kingdoms Kingdom Protista all eukaryotes most single-celled, some primitive multicelled organisms heterotrophs: amoeba & paramecium and autotrophs: euglenas (red eye spot to find light and carry out photosynthesis) move in different ways; amoebas use pseudopods, paramecium use cilia, euglena; flagella seaweeds and slime molds some carry out conjugation some cause serious diseases such as amoebic dysentry and malari Kingdom Fungi all heterotrophic eukaryotes uni or mulicellular extracellular digestion: secreting hyrolytic enzymes outside the body, after digestion absorb nutrients by diffusion important to ecosystem: decomposers saprobes: obtain food from decaying organic matter; recycle organic matter cell walls of chitin certain ones combine with algae (mutal; symbiotic relationship) form various lichens photosynthtic and can survive harsh cold enviroments, often are the pioneer orgnaism, first to colonize a barren enviorment in an ecological sucession asexaully by budding yeast, spore formation bread mold, fragmentation (single parent breaks into pieces and create whole new indiviuals) sexually i.e. yeast, mold, mushroom, fungus on athletes foot Kingdom Plantae mulitcell, nonmotile, autotrophic eukaryotes cell wall made of cellulose photosythesis by chlorphyll a and b store carbs as starch reproduce sexually; alternate between gameotphyte (n) and sporophyte (2n) generations some have vascualar tissue (tracheophytes) some don't (byrophytes) i.e. mosses, flowers, ferns, and cone-bearing Kingdom Animalia heterotrophic, multicell eukaryotes most motile reproduce sexually; dominant diploid stage (2n) in most small flagellated sperm fertilizes nonmotile egg classify by anatomical features (homo structures) and embryotic development 35 phyla, but only need to know 9: poriefa, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates

Germ Layers*YOU MUST KNOW WHICH LAYER DEVELOPS INTO WHICH STRUCTURES* Ectoderm: outermost layer becomes the skin and the nervous system: including nerve cord and brain Endoderm the innermost layer, viscera (guts), or digestive system mesoderm: middle layer, becomes the blood, the muscles, and bones - animals have two cell layers: porifera, and cnidarians are called diploblastic; bodies consist of ectroderm, endoderm, and mesoglea (middle glue) holds two layers together - more complex animal phyla are tripoblastic all 3 layers