Learning outcomes Classify an interaction in terms of its effect on the fitness of each participant. Discuss the role of natural selection in promoting mutualism. Describe the variety of organisms within the fungal kingdom and how they relate to the other major eukaryotic kingdoms. Explain how isotopes can be used to improve our understanding of biological systems. Appraise the function, effectiveness and importance of the enzyme Rubisco. Evaluate the role of the mycorrhizal relationship in maintaining forest ecosystems. Contrast the C2, C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways with the respiratory pathway. Define the limiting-nutrient concept and describe how organisms adapt to nutrient limitation. Explain the importance of excretion to organism survival.
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