Physical Science Notes

Chapter 2 Matter

Classification of Matter

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Volume and mass are 2 measurable properties common to all matter. Matter is divided into 2 major categories, pure substances and mixtures. Matter is the basic building block of the universe.

The physical properties of matter are determined by how the particles relate to one another; how they look, the amount of matter, and how packed they are to one another. Ex of physical properties are; color shape, texture, taste, state, and odor. The common Physical properties of matter are density, malleability, ductility, and conductivity. The Chemical properties of matter describe acts in the presence of other materials and how it changes composition when energy is added. Each substance has its own set of chemical properties. Add energy things happens, more energy more motion, spin

Physical changes are changes in both the state and or shape of material. It does not change the identity of the material. Ex water evaporates. It will change the substance and maybe the size but not the substance. Chemical changes are changes in the identity of the material. It changes the material. It changes the material with a different composition and properties. Ex: burning paper.

Pure substances consist of one type of matter. They can be elements or compounds. They can be separated into another kind of matter only by chemical change. Ex: H2 hydrogen atom H2 is also hydrogen molecule or hydrogen gas di-atomic hydrogen. A mixture can be separated into 2 or more pure substances by physical changes. There are 2 types of mixtures heterogeneous, and homogeneous. Ex

Element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances and it consists of only 1 kind of atom.

Chapter 2 Matter

4 States of Matter

Solid particles in a solid have little kinetic energy and are vibrating in place in a fixed position, are packed close together, have a definite shape and volume, and are difficult to compress liquid particles are mobile and packed close together, they have definitive volume and assume the shape of its container, and are difficult to compress. Liquids can flow when force is applied.       

Gas particles are moving very fast BC high amount of kinetic energy. Move rapidly & randomly. No definite shape, take shape of container and are easily compressed. Plasma gas like state. Made of ions, electrons and neutrons traveling at high speeds. Has no definite shape or volume, affected by the magnetic field.

The conservation of energy states that energy is continuously transferred and converted to other forms of energy, and that the amount transferred always equals the amount consumed. Careful studies have concluded has energy can neither be created nor destroyed. The same amount of matter and energy has remained the same since creation. Ex: Sugar burned 

All matter is composed of subatomic (atoms,molecules or ions) which are in constant motion. If energy is added to these particles motion is increased. The greater energy added, the greater the motion.

Chapter 3: The Atom

Energy 3A

Energy- the ability to do work, which is contained in matter. Energy is related to the force that matter generates and the resulting actions of that force. 2 Forms of energy potential energy which is stored energy and kinetic energy, which is energy in motion.

7 types of energy Mechanical energy- energy stored in objects by tension Thermal energy aka heat energy- vibration and movements of particles in atoms and molecules Chemical energy- energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules Nuclear energy- energy stored in the nucleus of an atom Acoustic or sound energy- movement of energy through substances in longitudinal waves. Electromagnetic energy aka radiant energy- energy that travels in transverse waves. Electrical energy- charge particles are called electrons moving through a wire.

Element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance and it consists of only one kind of atom. Atoms are the basic particles that make up the elements. All atoms are neutral because they have the same number of protons (positive charge) and electrons (negative charge). When the atom doesn't have the same number of protons and electrons, the atom is unbalanced, then called an ion. A cation is a positively charge ion and an anion is a negatively charged ion. 

The nucleus of the atom contains positive charged particles called protons and neutral particles called neutrons. Protons claims much of the weight or size of the atom. Different numbers of proton and neutrons make an isotope.

Surrounding the nucleus, there is a cloud of negative charged particles called electrons. they are 1600 times smaller than the proton. They abide in orbital or energy shells. The closer the orbital is to the nucleus the more stable the electrons are, the farther to the nucleus the less stable the electrons.

Molecule is formed when 2 or more atoms join together chemically. A compound is a molecule that contains at least 2 different elements. All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.

Elements names fro different sources, some from their Latin root or name, or the name of place it was discovered, and others take the name of the person who discovered it.

Matter in Motion: Ch.14 Energy