Anatomy Terms

Terms to Familiarize

Chapter 2Ion: Isotope:Covalent Bond: two or more atoms sharing electrons as opposed to gaining or losing themHydrogen Bond: Forms when the Hydrogen Atom w. a partial + charge attracts the partial - charge Potential Energy: Kinetic Energy: Catalysts: chemical compound that speed up chemical Reactions by decreasing Activation Energy needed for a rxn to occurLipidProteinCarbohydrate:Amino Acid: 

Chapter 1Positive Feedback System: Negative Feedback System

Chapter 24: MetabolismCellular Respiration: Oxidation of GLUCOSE to produce ATP Anabolic Rxn: Formation of GLYCOGEN fr. GLUCOSE

Chapter 3: Cells Desmosome: Passive Membrane Transport:Active Membrane Transport: Phospholipid: Glycerol: Glycocalyx: Simple Diffusion: Facilitated Diffusion: Transcription: Translation: Anticodon: Codon: Nucleotide:

Chapter 5: Integumentary SystemKeratinocytes: Keratin: Langerhans Cells: Merkel Cells: Melanin: Hemoglobin:Stratum Basale:Stratum Lucidum:Stratum Granulosum:Stratum Corneum:Stratum Spinosum: Lunula: Cholecalciferol: Matrix:

Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal System Diaphysis: shaft of a long boneExtracellular Matrix: made up of ground substance + fibers... is made up of 15% water, 55% inorganic component, 30% organic component, inorganic component: (mineral salts) provides hardness to bonesOrganic Component: is composed of collagen fibers and provides bone with strength and flexibility Epiphyses: the 2 expanded ends of a Long Bone that have Spongy Bone inside Periosteum: dense irregular CT covers shaft Marrow Cavity: in hollow shaftEndosteum: lines marrow cavityAxile Skeleton: (section that contains skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs) Apendicular Skeleton: includes everthing else... gurdals are bones+ limbs of bones that help connect limbs to body) Calcification:  Epiphyseal Plate: Compact Bone: forms the outer layer of all bones and most of DIAPHYSIS of long bones (contain osteons, lamellae, Haversian Canal,Volkmann Canals, Lacunae, Canaliculi) Spongy Bone: does not contain Osteons, contains trabeculae which has bone marrow and are arranged in various directions to resist stress Osteoclasts: cells that break down bone, found in endosteumOsteocyte: mature bone cells that are trapped in matrix Osteoblast: bone-building cells that produce matrix components Osteogenic: mitotic stem cells found in periosteum and endosteumOssification: the process that forms the bone.. assisted by calcitonin. Bone Formation: occurs in 3 situations that include 1) In the fetus, embryo to form the BONY SKELETON, 2) In early adulthood as growth in length of bones, 3) throughout life as remodelling( subjected to heavier loads and grows thicker and stronger)  of bone & repair of fracturesBone Remodelling: Intramembranous Ossification:  Endochondral Ossification:

Chapter 11: Nervous TissueResting Membrane Potential: Afferent Neuron: Efferent Neuron: Neuron: Neuroglia: White Matter:Grey Matter: Synaptic Cleft:

Chapter 12: The Brain Wernicke's Area: Fluent Aphasia: Nonfluent Aphasia: Broca's Speech Area: Cerebral Cortex: Midbrain:Pons:Medulla Oblongata: Cerebrum:Cerebellum: controls lots of the brains functions Cerebral Hemisphere: Includes the Basal NucleiDienceohalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus ( Diane Turns Hyper) 

Chapter 9: Muscle TissueContractility: Excitability: Extensibility: being able to stretch to a certain point without being damaged Elasticity: ability to bounce back and recoil back to original shape/ size Fascia: part that supports and surround the muscle Endomysium: surrounds INDIVIDUAL muscle fibers Perimysium: surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers Epimysium: encircles entire muscle... many fascicles *acts as a muscle bully* Myofibrils: 100s- 1000s extend from sarcoplasmMyofilaments: small contractile proteins that make up the myofibril and are composed of SARCOMERES  (Thick: composed of myosin... interact with other filaments, GLOBULAR HEAD FORMS CROSS BRIDGES) (Thin: composed of ACTIN & regulatory proteins known as Troponin and Tropomyosin) Troponin: binds to actin, tropomyosin & CalciumTropomyosin: blocks myosin-binding sites on actinMesoderm: embryonic tissue which can form more muscle tissues Z Disc(of Myofilament/ Sarcomere): Seperate sarcomeresA Band: middle region of sarcomere--> contains both thick and thin myofilaments H Zone (in centre of A Band): has only THIN MYOFILAMENTSI Band(on either side of A band): has only thin myofilamentsM line (ctr. of H Zone) : is where fine protein strands hold adjacent thick myofilaments togethert-tubules: muscle cell membrane is called the sarcolemma & extends inward to form T-tubules Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Stores and Releases Calcium... has dilated end sacs called terminal cisterns at the A band/ I band junction... TRIAD: formed when a T-tubule and the 2 cisterns on either side of band Acetylcholine: neurotransmitter released by exocytosis into the synaptic cleft, diffuses across cleft & binds to ACh receptor sites on the sarcolemma ... triggers an action potential over entire surface of sarcolemma... and degraded by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE after it binds to receptors Excitation Contraction Coupling: sequence of events that connect an action potential on the sarcolemma to the muscle contractionSliding Filament Mechanism: A series of events that occur once binding sites on actin are exposed 

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