Variation

crossing over during prophase 1 to shuffle alleles

genetic reassortment due to the random distribution and subsequent segregation of the maternal and paternal chromosomes in the homologous pairs during meiosis 1

genetic reasortment due to the random distribution and segregation of the sister chromatids at meiosis 2

alignment of chromatids is random

during fertilization haploid gametes fuse randomly- each gamete has a different genetic make up

DNA mutation may occur during replication in interphase- chromosome mutations can occur- if mutation in sperm or egg the mutated gene will be present in every cell of the offspring

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