Cells and simple cell transport

All living things are made up of cells.  Different types of cells have different structures and different functions.

Animal cells and plant cells have features in common, such as:  a nucleus  cytoplasm  cell membrane,  mitochondria, ribosomes.

Plant and algal cells also have   cell wall chloroplasts permanent vacuole. 

Dissolved substances pass into and out of cells by diffusion.

Nucleus - Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cellCytoplasm - Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymesCell membrane - Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cellMitochondria - Most energy is released by respiration hereRibosomes - Protein synthesis happens here

Animal and plant cells Function of cells which animal and plant cells have in common

Plant cells also have extra parts: Extra parts of plant cells

Cell wall - Strengthens the cellChloroplasts - Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for                                            photosynthesis Permanent vacuole - Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

Yeast Yeast is a single-celled organism. Like bacterial cells, yeast cells have cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall. But unlike bacterial cells, yeast cells have a nucleus.

Bacterial cells A bacterium is a single-celled organism. A bacterial cell has a different structure to an animal or plant cell. It has cytoplasm, a membrane and a surrounding cell wall, but the genetic material in a bacterial cell is not in a distinct nucleus but the DNA that would be held in the nucleus is floating around in the cell itself

Structure of a salmonella bacterium cell

Cell                                                                   Function                                                                                    Adaption

                Leaf Cell

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

Packed with chloroplasts. Regular shaped, closely packed cells form a continuous layer for efficient absorption of sunlight.

             Root Hair Cell

Absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil

Long 'finger-like' process with very thin wall, which gives a large surface area.

Cell                                                                   Function                                                                                    Adaption

Fertilises an egg cell - female gamete

Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen to the cells.

The head contains genetic information and an enzyme to help penetrate the egg cell membrane. The middle section is packed with mitochondria for energy. The tail moves the sperm to the egg.

Thin outer membrane to let oxygen diffuse through easily. Shape increases the surface area to allow more oxygen to be absorbed efficiently. No nucleus, so the whole cell is full of haemoglobin.

Cells

Cells

Bacterial Cells and Yeast

Specialized Cells

Specialized Cells