History- Extension study- Public Health - created from Mind Map

Problems 1350-1750 Towns and cities getting bigger Growing population increased problems Rubbish, dead animals and human and animal excrement dumped and left on streets Polluted rivers/drinking water: people drank ale instead Poor sanitation Sewage contaminated water

Infectious disease Frequent outbreaks and epidemics Deadly 1665 Plague in London Poor public health provision Local authorities attempt to deal with outbreaks Fail due to lack of understanding Theatres closed Large funerals banned to stop crowds Dogs and cats were killed Barrels of tar were burned in the streets Carts collected the dead who were buried in deep mass graves Household boarded into its home for 28 days if one member caught the plague Days of fasting and prayers were ordered

Toilet sanitation Only richer people had privies- padded seats over a bucket for their own family's to use Poorer people had to share- several families used one cesspit which had a wooden seat above Chamber pots inside houses- emptied in drains or thrown out the window People paid nightsoil workers or 'going farmers' to empty cesspits 1596: John Harrington invented a WC Contents sold to farmers as manure Ridiculed so didn't develop properly for another 200 years

Action 1350-1900 Links between dirt and disease By-laws to keep streets clean By-laws to stop people dumping things in rivers Success into piping water into towns and cities Some towns had public toilets and baths Water in London Link between dirt and disease wasn't proven until 1861 Changes in government role after 1750 1602 artificial river from the River Lee began construction 1750 most water supplied by private companies Edmund Colthurst (private investor) Money ran out after just two miles 1609 Hugh Myddleton tried again-paid half the bills Project finished in 1613 The rest funded by King James I Piped direct to homes or to sandpiper on street corners People believed God caused disease So didn't want taxes to be spent on health provision Laissez-faire government attitude Gin made more expensive Made small pox vaccination compulsory in 1853 1871 all vaccinations were registered Death rate of small pox declined Improved health among the poor who were drinking lots of cheap gin Improved the economy (drunk people didn't work so hard)

Industrial diseases Urban diseases Industrial revolution: 18th-19th century Huge growth in towns Edwin Chadwick People moved to find work in factories No laws to provide sewers, fresh water or to remove rubbish Infectious diseases spread more rapidly Low wages Several families shared low quality housing 1831: Cholera epidemic put pressure on authorities to take action First outbreak of Cholera in Britain killed thousands in just a few weeks The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population Work received lots of attention and some criticism Did a survey of the living conditions of working class areas Unsanitary and overcrowded conditions Cost of work houses is high Improved living conditions will reduce admissions to work houses and save money in the long run Work out how to reduce taxes

Government Action Public Health Act, 1848 John Snow London's 'Great Stink' (1858) meant a new and expensive sewer system was built 1867, Working class men got the vote and wantd politicians to take action Central government passed laws and local authorities funded and carried out changes that meant by 1875 local councils had to ensure that... Local health boards Appoint medical officers Organise the removal of rubbish Build sewer systems Allowed but did not force town councils to... Act was temporary and the General Board of health was abolished by 1858 1/3 of towns set up a board of health Fewer than 1/3 appointed medical officers Doctor and surgeon Theory that Cholera was spread through water, not 'bad air' Clean water was provided Streets were paved Rubbish was collected Sewers were built Slum housing was demolished Food in shops was of good quality

Public health since 1900 1905: Liberal government took action in response to worrying health trends WW2 made people aware of importance of governments involvement in health care 1948: NHS set up by Minister Aneurin Bevan Since 1948 government have taken more action to prevent people getting ill Charles Brooks and Seebohm Rowntree's survey showed struggle of working classes to afford decent food and housing 1/3 of Boer War volunteers did not pass army health tests Reforms were difficult and expensive to pass and many people objected to the increasing role of the government in people's lives Nearly 90% failed tests in slum areas of northern cities Funding vaccinations Better disposal of rubbish and sewage Laws reducing air pollution Laws improving health and safety at work Environmental health officers inspecting food outlets Health education Laws banning advertising of tobacco products and smoking in public places High tax on cigarettes

History- Extension study- Public Health