Block 3 - Poverty & livelihoods

Questão	Responda
foreign aid	includes all transfers, that is, money, goods and skills, military and civilian aid, and both grants and loans
Official Development Assistance (ODA)	coming from states and other official agencies that is used with the objective of promoting the welfare of developing countries, and which is concessional
bilateral aid	Goes directly from one government to another
multilateral aid	channelled through international institutions like the World Bank
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)	Focussed on both debt relief programmes (writing off debt owed to donors, including the Washington institutions themselves) and concessional lending. In principle, formulated by recipient governments in consultation with a range of domestic social interest groups and ‘stakeholders’ and with external donors.
'External’ position in debate over aid	Sees the cause and continuation of poverty in features of the world economy that disadvantaged the South; unfair trade or the economic policies imposed from outside
unintentional development	broad processes of technological change help to increase growth and raise living standards
‘internal’ position in debate over aid	Sees the cause and continuation of poverty as lying within poor countries, in poor governance, greedy elites and poorly run economies.
Conditionality	pressure that donors are able to apply by threatening to withdraw aid, their power to achieve their desired outcomes, far-reaching economic and political reform
fallback position	the gains that a party can get without an agreement and the point where it would walk away from the deal.
integrated rural development programmes (IRDPs)	the promotion of rural enterprise and associated services to lift rural people out of poverty. This approach requires backward and forward linkages (inputs to production and markets for output) and supporting institutions (for example, mechanisms to obtain credit).
Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)	established in 1947 to run the US-financed Marshall Plan for reconstruction of post-war Europe
Brandt Report	report which presented an argument that the North was wealthy because of unequal terms of trade with the South, and aimed to promote redistribution from North to South
Human Development Report (HDR)	Annual report since 1990 which aims to address the multiple dimensions of poverty but with an even broader perspective
residual view of poverty	considers poverty to be a residue of a process of historical change and development that has not reached a certain sector of the population.
multiple deprivations	a more complex and nuanced way of understanding poverty and of measuring it, involving endowment of assets and entitlement bundles (Amartya Sen)
relational view of poverty	the causes of poverty are framed and interpreted sees poverty as an outcome of social relations
Poverty as low income	characteristic used to conceptualize poverty, is measured by counting those below an agreed international poverty line.
purchasing power parity	The exchange rate that equates the price of a basket of identical traded goods and services in two countries.
endowment of assets	land, tools or machines, labour power, skills or knowledge, etc
entitlement bundle	Whatever a person has to exchange for money or goods
Relative poverty	poverty is not the same experience with the same dimensions in every context (Sen)
Decile	one-tenth of a population.
Morbidity	The probability or likelihood of suffering an illness or disease.
Quintile	One-fifth of a population.
Agency	the ability of a person to achieve their aims and goals, and perhaps to influence their community and society.
Lorenz Curve	Graph which shows cumulative share of income
Gini co-efficient	the most commonly used measure of inequality. It is always between 0 and 1, and the closer to 1 the greater the inequality. Defined as being the area between the equality line and the Lorenz curve divided by the area under the equality line.
John Rawls	proclaimed the concept of ‘Justice as Fairness’, which included individual liberty and accepted some inequality, but also put great stress on creating institutions which would act ‘to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society’
Mortality	The probability or likelihood of dying.
Robert Nozick	argued that absolute priority should be given to inviolable individual rights, and especially to property rights. Described individual human beings as ‘self-owners’ who are entitled to their bodies, abilities and labour, and the fruits of the use of their talents, abilities and labour. Those who were more skilled or harder working would earn more, and this would inevitably create justified inequalities
Culture	specifics that mark out a group of people from others in terms of traditions, customs, values, world views, religious practices, perceptions, belief systems, symbols, languages and codes of morality. Can be used to mean some or all of these dimensions of human life
Vulnerability	For example, making a living and ensuring the livelihood of families and households can easily come under threat from ordinary events, such as frequent ill-health episodes, crop diseases, expensive marriages and funeral ceremonies, lack of affordable credit
Power	Of different kinds: a form of control over others; to enact or to do something; a collective form
SLA	a framework a means to understand better the ways that poor people make a living identifying five types of capital
Natural capital	natural resources, such as land, water, biodiversity
Financial capital	savings, credit, remittances and social funds, such as state aid or pensions.
Agency	action to try and bring about change – can be tactical, strategic, individual or collective
Physical capital	physical infrastructure such as roads, transport and other communications, energy, etc.
Global value chain	The processes and actors involved in production, from its initial stages, to reaching the market and beyond
Social capital	the social networks and access to local groups and associations that people have; also the relations of trust that have been built up.
Human capital	the knowledge, skills and abilities that people bring to bear on making a living
Enabling environment	the networks, rules and standards within which the production chain operates

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Block 3 - Poverty & livelihoods

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	Criado por Iain Graham mais de 11 anos atrás