10907692
| Questão | Responda |
| What are the three main descending spinal motor pathways? | 1. Voluntary action 2. automatic action 3. reflex action |
| Lower motor neurons locate in Rexed _____. It is generally asembled into a _____ (proximal muscles) and _____ (distal muscles). | IX Medial motor pool (proximal) Lateral motor pool (distal) |
| The axons exit the SC at ______ at the respective spinal level. | ventral root. |
| Pre-motor interneuron synapses on motor neurons in the ________. | Motor pool. |
| Locate the relative areas of motor pool for muscles of different proximity. | See slide 33 |
| What type of nerves are the motor nerves to 1) muscles, 2) muscle spindles? | 1) Alpha motor neurons 2) gamma motor neurons |
| ________ motor pool is present throughout the SC while ______ motor pool only exists at plexi. | Medial: throughout. Lateral: at plexi only. |
| Gamma motor neurons innervates the _________ to adjust the length of ________ to maintain alignment with muscle length. | Innervates: intra-fusal muscle fibers Muscle spindles. |
| alpha-gamma co-activation is only activated by _________. | UMN drive of LMN. |
| T/F: Reflex reaction activates gamma neurons. | F. |
| Direct cortical control of movement has pyramid cells in lamina _______ of cerebral cortex going directly to ______ (below the neck) or _______ (facial muscles). | Lamina V. SC or brainstem. |
| Indirect control has additional synapse in the ________. | Brainstem. |
| corticomotor pathways to lower motorneurons are classified based on ________. | Number of synapses. (monosynaptic path, disynaptic path, polysynaptic path.) |
| Interneuron (premotor neurons) in SC are usually found in Rexed ____, ____ or ____. | VI, VII, VIII. |
| T/F: monosynaptic path is a direct pathway. However, disynpatic and polysynaptic paths are indirect pathways. | F. They are all direct as long as there is no additional motor neuron in the CNS. |
| Location of the intermediate UMN in an indirect pathway. | Midbrain, pons, medulla. |
| List the spinal motor tracts and include there starting/ ending points. | 1. corticospinal path (lamina V to cervical or lumbar Rexed VII/ IX) 2. Rubrospinal path (red nucleus to cervical rexed VII) 3. Tectosinal path (superior colliculus to cervival Rexed VII) 4. Pontine reticulospinal path (reticular formation in pons to cervival/ lumbar Rexed VII) 5. Medullary reticulospinal path (reticular formation in the medulla to Rexex VII in the cervical /lumbar Rexed VII. 6. Lateral vestibulospinal path (lateral vestibular nucleus to lumbosacral Rexed VII). 7. Medial vestibulospinal path (medial, interior vestibular nucleusn to lumbosacral Rexed VII) |
| Lateral motor system consists of the _____ tract and the ____ tract. | Lateral corticospinal tract (LCST) Rubrospinal tract (RuST) |
| LCST is in charge of __________ control. | Fine motor control. |
| ________ may cover LCST if there is a damage. | Rubrospinal tract. |
| Medial motor system includes the _______, _______, ______ and ______. | Ventral (medial) corticospinal tract (VCST) Reticulospinal tracts (ReST) Vestinulospinal tracts (VST) Tectospinal tract (TST) |
| The ventral (medial) corticospinal tract is in charge of _________. | UE/ proximal control |
| The reticulospinal tracts are in charge of ___________ and _________. | Postural control and Anticipatory control |
| The vestibulospinal tracts are in charge of _________ and __________. | Body posture /gravity and Head posture /gravity |
| The tectospinal tract is in charge of ____________. | Control of neck/head/eye movements. |
| Locate the tracts on a spinal cross section | See slide 41 |
| Decussation of LCST locates in the _______. | Medulla-spinal cord junction. |
| Outline the pathway of LCST. | See slides 42 |
| M1 correlates to BA___. It contributes to about ___% of all motor neurons. | BA4. 50% |
| % distribution of upper motor neurons in the cortex. | Primary sensory cortex (BA1 and BA3): small contribution Premotor cortex and supplementary motor area (BA6): 30% Primary motor cortex(BA4): 50% |
| Cells in ______ are more in charge of fine motor control while cells in ______ are more concerned with postural adjustment. Supplementary motor area is in charge of ______ and ________. | Fine motor control: M1 (BA4) Postural adjustment: BA6. Supplementary motor area: bilateral movements, non-sensory elicited movements |
| The axons of corticospinal tracts mostly travel in the ______ of the internal capsule. | posterior limb |
| Area associated with hand movement is located in a more _______ location in the motor homunculus as compared to the legs. | ventral |
| Motor aons in the corticospinal tract going to the neck is (nearer/further) to the genu in the internal capsule. | nearer. |
| In the midbrain, the axons of corticospinal tract lie in the __________, with areas corresponding to the legs more _______ and areas corresponding to the UE more _______. | Cerebral peduncles. Legs: more dorsal UE: more ventral. |
| The the axons of corticospinal tract lie in the _____ of the pons. | Basis |
| The cell bodies of the tectospinal tract lie in the ________ of the midbrain; while the cell bodies of the rubrospinal tract lie in the _______. | tectospinal tract: superior colliculi rubrospinal tract: red nucleus |
| Cell bodies of the pontine reticulospinal tract lie in the ___________. | Pontine reticular flrmation. |
| Identify the corticospinal tracts in the pons. | See slide 47. |
| Identify the corticospinal tracts in the rostral medulla and the decussation fibers in the medullary-spinal junction. | See slide 48 and 49. |
| The LCST terminates in Rexed ___ to synapse with spinal interneurons and in Rexed _____ to synapse with lateral motor neurons. | Rexed VII: spinal interneurons. Rexed IX lateral motor pool: LMN |
| Outline the Rubrospinal tract and ventral corticospinal tract. | See slide 51. |
| The medial motor system (ventral corticospinal tract/medial CST/anterior CST) carries more information from _____________. | premotor and supplementary motor cortex. |
| T/F: VCST terminates in the caudal SC. | F. Rostral. |
| T/F: VCST decussates at caudal medulla. | F and T... It is called a bilateral path. It sends bilateral axons to each side of the SC. |
| Pontine ReST is primarily for ______ while medullary ReST is primarily for _________. | Pontine: postural control Medullary: automatic movements |
| Outline the tectospinal tract | See slide 55. |
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