Different understandings of the Soul: Key Words

Questão	Responda
Plato (428-347 BCE)	A believer in the immortality of the soul.
The Phaedo	A book by Plato, which argues that the soul is immaterial and does not occupy space.
The Republic and Phaedrus	Two books in which Plato argues that the human soul is made up of three parts: the rational, the appetitive (your desires/ appetites) and the emotive (emotions).
Simmias	A character in the Phaedo who says that the relation between body and soul may be like that between a lyre and the music it produces. Socrates disputes this
Cebes	A character in the Phaedo who asks, couldn’t the relation between body and soul be like that between clothes and the wearer?
Aristotle (384–322 BCE)	Thought that the soul was the Form of the body, but in complete contrast to Plato, he merely thinks this means the organising principle.
De Anima (On the Soul)	The book in which Aristotle integrates his account of the soul with his theory of the four causes.
Active mind or Active intellect	The most controversial topic in De Anima. Aristotle suggests it could be immortal.
Substance Dualism	The idea that a human consists of a material body and an immaterial soul.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650).	In his Meditations (1641), a major proponent of substance dualism.
Disembodied consciousness	Human consciousness separate from the body.
Out Of Body Experiences (OOBEs)	Experiences of disembodied consciousness.
Near Death Experiences (NDEs)	Experiences of what happens to a person at or near death.
Materialism	In the philosophy of mind, the claim that mind can be exhaustively explained in terms of physical facts.
Mind-Brain Identity Theory	The idea that mind is nothing more than the brain.
Reincarnation	The idea that the human soul transmigrates from human body to body, as each body dies. A type of substance dualism.
Ockham’s Razor	A method of choosing between arguments or positions. States that ‘entities should not be multiplied needlessly’.
A category error	Occurs when someone takes the attributes properly belonging to one thing and talks about them as if they belong to another thing.
Gilbert Ryle	Author of The Concept of Mind (1949). Held that all references to the mind are really references to brain states. Invented the term ‘category error’.
‘The Makropulos Case’	A paper by Bernard Williams discussing the supposed downside of eternal life.
Richard Dawkins (1941- )	Thinks that “soul” is just another word for “consciousness” and that scientists will eventually be able to understand it.
Is Science Killing the Soul?	The debate about the soul that Dawkins engaged in, giving rise to his notion of Souls One and Two.
“Soul One”	Dawkins’s term for “The principle of thought and action in man commonly regarded as an entity distinct from the body.”
“Soul Two”	Dawkins’s term for “the principle of life in man or animals - animate existence ... an entity close to what we usually call ‘consciousness’.”

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Different understandings of the Soul: Key Words

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	Criado por Izzy Noone quase 7 anos atrás