Spoken Language Acquisition Terms

Questão	Responda
Universal grammar or linguistic universals	The explanation that all world languages share the principles of grammar despite surface differences in lexis and phonology.
Consonant cluster reduction	A type of deletion that involves removing consonants (ch isn't a consonant cluster but chr is. It must be at least 2 consonant sounds).
Deletion	There are 3 different forms: straightforward deletion, consonant cluster reduction and deletion of unstressed syllables. All involve removing sounds from a word.
Deletion of unstressed syllables	When a syllable is missed off e.g: nana for banana.
Addition	Adding on extra sounds to create that consonant vowel pattern e.g: mama
Straightforward deletion	Where one sound is missed off e.g: ca for cat.
Assimilation	When one consonant or vowel is exchanged for another that's typically used within the same word e.g: gog for dog.
Substitution	Swapping one sound for another e.g: gog for dog.
Which consonant sounds are acquired by the age of 24 months?	p, b, m, d, n, w, t
Which consonant sounds are acquired by the age of 30 months?	k, g, h, ŋ
Which consonant sounds are acquired by the age of 36 months?	f, s, j, l
Which consonant sounds are acquired by the age of 42 months?	tʃ, dʒ, v, z, ʃ, r
Which consonant sounds are acquired by the age of 48+ months?	ð, ʒ
Vegetative stage	0-4 months Phonological development begins. The child will learn to recognise its mother's voice, their own name and show a preference for their native language. Conversation is possible via gurgling and cooing.
Cooing stage	4-7 months More vowel sounds in the form of comfort sounds and vocal play become apparent as the child tests its mouth.
Babbling stage	6-12 months The child produces a mixture of reduplicated and variegated sounds and intonation linked to the target language starts to become apparent. They will also be able to recognise which sound occurs most frequently in a string of vowel sounds.
Proto words	Bee (1997) defined this as any sound or set of sounds that is used consistently to refer to a thing, action or quality. They are words that have meaning but usually only between the carer and child. Other people may not understand this utterance as a word because the meaning will be unclear; e.g: a baby saying "da" on hitting his toy against the bath.
Proto word stage	9-12 months Proto words are developed. The child is no longer receptive to all languages. The child will learn 2 words a week approx. 1st word occurs at 12 months approx.
Holophrastic stage	12-18 months One word that expresses a whole idea.
Telegraphic stage	24-36 months Just the key words included in utterances.
Two word stage	18-24 months Known as the "naming explosion" and coincides with growth of Wernicke's area (which aids speech comprehension). Overgeneralisation will occur and language takes off. Combining words occurs when Broca's area (aids language processing and storing rules) starts to develop.
Post-telegraphic stage	36+ months Everything after the telegraphic stage. Grammar develops.
Holophrase	A word contains an entire sentence meaning. E.g: child says "cup" pointing at it, meaning he wants his cup.
Overextension	Using the same word for objects with similar qualities.
Underextension	The meaning of the word is narrowed or reduced. E.g: Joanne will only use the word "shoe" to describe her own. When asked if there are any other shoes in the cupboard she'll shake her head.
Hyponym	More specific words within a category e.g: socks, trousers.
Hypernym	A word that refers to a range of objects e.g: clothes.
Framing	A part of CDS. When an adult repeats a particular word/phrase in different contexts. E.g: that's a ball. What colour is the ball? Can you throw me the ball?
Recasting	The adult puts the child's word in a new context. E.g: truck -> what colour is your truck?
Expansion	The adult fills out a child's utterance. E.g: ball -> yes, it's a ball.
Synonymy	Using synonyms e.g: duck and quack-quack.
Content words	Nouns, verbs, adjectives referring to real things. These are what the child uses during the telegraphic stage.
Function words	Pronouns, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, articles - the more complex, abstract word classes that the child will only use later on.

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Spoken Language Acquisition Terms

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	Criado por Hazel Meades aproximadamente 10 anos atrás