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| Questão | Responda |
| Ireland in the 1500s | - No central government - henry VII was in charge of Ireland - He only controlled the a small area around Dublin called the Pale - The rest of Ireland controlled by Gaelic Lords and Old English Lords |
| The Beginning of the Plantations | - Used Surrender and Regrant at first - Didn't work - tried new method - plantations - Bringing English and Scottish people over to Ireland |
| Surrender and Regrant | King Henry VII used this method to take over land in Ireland 1. the Gaelic Lords would surrender their land 2. They would swear loyalty to the English King 3. Henry VII would grant back the land to the lords with and English titles |
| the Laois Offaly plantation | - The O'Connors and O'Mores in charge of Laois and Offaly - They kept raiding the pale and stealing cattle - Queen Mary 1st took the land away from the O'Connors and O'Mores - Land split into 1. 1/3 given back to O'Connor clan and O'More clan. the land was near the River Shannon and was very boggy 2. 2/3 given to loyal English Families - Laois was called Queen's County and Offaly was called King's County - in each county there was a sheriff to enforce the law, courthouse and a gaol |
| Results | - The plantation was a failure - Only 88 families from the Pale settled there - Nobody came from England - Became Blueprint for future plantations |
| The Munster Planation | - Queen Elizabeth I was Protestant - She didn't trust Catholics - She felt people should have the same religion as their ruler |
| Why did the Fitzgeralds of Desmond rebel | - Queen Elizabeth I quarrelled with one of the most powerful families in Ireland, the Fitzgeralds of Desmond because 1. The Fitzgeralds had ruled Munster with no English interference. Now Queen Elizabeth I wanted them to accept English Common Law 2. The Fitzgeralds were Catholic and did not want to become Protestant 3. Men called Adventurers started arriving in Ireland. They claimed land in Munster that their families had owned hundreds of years earlier. Usually, the English courts accepted these claims. This worried . |
| How did the Munster Plantation Work | - Land divided into 35 estates of 4,000, 6,000, 8,000 and 12,000 acres - Each estate was given to a man called an undertaker. They agreed to 1. Bring English families as servants and tenants 2. to build a castle and to pay for soldiers and guns to protect them 3. Not to employ Gaelic Irish as servants or to rent land to them 4. to follow the Protestant religion and English law 5. Build a town and have a weekly market where farmers could sell their goods |
| Results of the Munster Plantation | Failures - Not enough settlers came. Only 4,000 of expected 20,000 came - Undertakers rented land to the Gaelic Irish because they were willing to pay more than the English Settlers - The undertakers hired the Gaelic Irish because they were willing to work for lower wages - Some undertakers got a too big amount of land to manage properly Successes - The settlers built new towns - Developed industries |
| The Ulster Plantation | - In the 1590s the English controlled all of Ireland except for Ulster |
| The Nine Years War | - At first Gaelic Lords went along with Queen Elizabeth and her officials but by the 1590s English Officials were telling the lords how to run their land - Many Gaelic Clans led by Hugh O'Neill joined together and went to war with the English. This was called the Nine Years War - The Gaelic Irish asked the King of Spain to help them |
| The Battle of Kinsale | - The Spanish King promised an army to come to Ireland - The Spanish Army landed at Kinsale in Cork instead of Ulster - Hugh O'Neill and his army marched down to meet them but an English Army got there first - There was a fierce battle - |
| What happened after the war | - O'Neill not harshly punished because King James I wanted peace in Ireland - Gaelic Lords found it impossible to accept English Law - Many fell into debt because they couldn't collect tax and rent - In 1607 most of the Gaelic Lords left Ireland to try to get the Spanish King to sed another army - Known as Flight of the Earls |
| How did the Ulster Plantation work? | - Land taken divided into 6 counties - Divided the area into estates of 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 acres. More manageable sizes than the estates in the Munster Plantation - Give land to 3 types of people: undertakers, servitors and 'Loyal Irish' |
| Undertakers | - English and Scottish Landowners - Got estates of 2,000 acres - Rent - £5 per 1,000 acres per year - they must bring in English or Scottish Tenants and must not rent land to the Gaelic Irish |
| Servitors | - Englishmen and Scots who worked for the government in Ireland - Estates of 1,500 or 1,000 acres - £8 per 1,000 acres - they could rent land to Irish tenants |
| Loyal Irish | - Gaelic landowners who stayed loyal to the king - Estates of 1,000 acres or less - £10 per 1,000 acres - they could rent land to Irish tenants |
| Plantation in Derry | - 12 London companies persuaded to invest money in planting it - Built 2 large towns: Derry and Coleraine - In Derry Irish people had to live outside the town walls on a boggy area nearby. Called the Bogside |
| Results of the Ulster Plantation | Successes - New Settlers - By 1640 there were about 40,000 settlers - New Houses - New types of houses built. Can be seen maps drawn by undertakers of their estate - New laws - English Common law brought in and there were a gaol and courthouse in large towns - New Religions - Most of the settlers were Protestant: Scottish settlers were Presbyterian(followers of Calvin) and English settlers were Anglican (Church of Ireland) - New Farming and trading methods - Settlers cleared forests and grew more crops rather than more cattle. Organised weekly markets for Farmers to sell their crops - New towns - New big towns built. All English towns had the same layout with a market and Protestant Church Failures - Religion divided settlers between Protestant settlers and Catholic natives as well as between English Anglican settlers and Scottish Presbyterian settlers - Undertakers broke their agreements by not building proper defences and taking on Gaelic Irish |
| Cromwellian Plantation | - |
| the 1641 Rebellion | - A row between King Charles and the English Parliament - Some people believed the Monarch should have more power (Royalists) and some people thought the Parliament should have more power (Parliamentarians) - In October 1641 The Gaelic Irish took their opportunity to take their land back and attacked the English and Scottish settlers - the settlers fled to Dublin, England and Scotland. - Between 4,000 and 12,000 settlers were killed. Fleeing settlers said that over 200,000 settlers were killed which is impossible as only 1 million people lived in Ireland at the time. - the English and Scottish sought revenge |
| Why did Cromwell come to Ireland | - The row between King Charles and the Parliament led to a civil war which the Parliament won - The king was executed which Cromwell free to go to Ireland to: 1. To punish the Catholics for the massacre in 1641 2. To use their land to pay debts after the civil war |
| Cromwell conquers Ireland | - He brought 12,000 experienced soldiers in 1649 - He laid siege on Drogheda - When he captured it he slaughtered the whole population - by 1653 he had taken control over all of Ireland - there were many orphans and widows who Cromwell transported to them to work on the Sugar plantations in the West Indies |
| How did the Cromwellian Plantation take place | - Brought in the Act of Settlement - Under it, people had to prove that they supported the parliament they had supported the parliament in the civil war or else lose all or part of their land - very few people could prove it - Cromwell wanted to turn Ireland into a Protestant country 1. wealthy catholic landowners had to leave their homes and move across the River Shannon 2. Protestant landowners could keep their land if they paid a fine 3. It had estimated about 40,000 people had crossed the river Shannon by the mid-1650s 4. Priests were targeted to wipe out Catholicism. Many of them were executed and a reward was given to people who handed in priests to the government |
| results of the Cromwellian Plantation | - Many Catholic landowners replaced by Protestant landowners - In 1640 Catholic landowners owned 60% of land in Ireland but by 1660 they only owned 20% of the land - Owners of land were Protestant but the workers were Catholic. This ruined Cromwell's plan to turn Ireland into a Protestant Religion |
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