13796683
Descrição
FlashCards por Czean Holgado, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Czean Holgado
mais de 6 anos atrás
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| Questão | Responda |
| What is reciprocity? | Description of how two people interact - mother and infant is reciprocal as they respond to each other's signals and elicit a response from each other |
| What is interactional synchrony? | This is how the mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other in a co-ordinated way - it is believed that the more synchronised they are, the better the quality of the relationship |
| Why is it hard to observe infants? | -it is hard to tell whether the actions of the infant are deliberate -it is argued that synchrony and reciprocity are invaluable as they do not explain anything |
| What is the role of fathers as a parent? | -related to adolescent attachments - play and simulation |
| Describe the procedure of Schaffer and Emerson's study in 1964 | -Glasgow, 60 babies, 31 male, 29 female -babies and mother visited every month for a year -mother asked questions about separation and stranger anxiety that their baby showed |
| What did they find? | -Between 25 to 32 weeks, 50% of babies showed separation anxiety towards a specific adult - usually the adult (specific attachment) -babies usually attached to caregivers that were most sensitive to infant signals and expressions -at 40 weeks, 80% of babies had a specific attachment, and 30% had multiple |
| Schaffer and Emerson believed that attachment develop in four stages. What is the first stage? | Asocial Stage (first few weeks) -baby's behaviour towards humans and non-humans are similar -baby prefers familiar adults, but does not show stranger anxiety |
| What is the second stage? | Indiscriminate attachment (2-7 months) -humans preferred over inanimate objects -prefer familiar adults but does not show stranger anxiety -accept comfort from any adult |
| Why are fathers not as likely to become a primary attachment? | -Due to stereotypical gender roles - women are expected to be more caring than men, so people act like what is expected -it could be due to oestrogen production in women - more pre-disposed to be nurturing |
| What is the third stage? | Specific attachment (at 7 months) -shows stranger anxiety -shows separation anxiety when separated from particular adult - the attachment figure -forms attachment with most respondent and reciprocal |
| What is the final stage? | Multiple attachments (one year) -babies show multiple attachments to other caregivers - called secondary attachments |
| Evaluate Schaffer and Emerson's study in terms of validity | -Good external validity - study carried out in natural environment (own homes) -more likely to act naturally as the observers were the parents -Good internal validity - as it is longitudinal design - less likely to be affected by individual differences -Low sample size (population validity) - same city and district |
| Evaluate studies into the stages of attachment | -babies are less co-ordinated at the asocial stage - not much behaviour to observe -some believe that babies form multiple attachments in the asocial stage (van Ijzendoorn) |
| What is imprinting? | -this is when species form attachments to the first moving object they see after birth |
| What is sexual imprinting? | -This is when a species show courtship, mating behaviour towards the species that they first encounter after birth |
| Describe Lorenz's research into imprinting. | -goose hatched either with the mother goose or in an incubator with Lorenz - they imprinted on Lorenz or the mother |
| What did Lorenz find? | -the incubator group followed Lorenz wherever he went, and the control group followed the mother goose - supports imprinting |
| Describe Harlow's procedure into comfort of mother. | -16 baby monkeys reared to two fake mothers -milk was dispensed from one and one was a cloth-mother |
| What did he find? | -the baby monkeys showed attachment towards the cloth mother instead of the one that dispensed milk - showed that attachment is more about comfort rather than attaching to those that feed us |
| Harlow also followed the monkeys that were victims of maternal deprivation. What did he conclude from observing these monkeys? | -had a permanent effect -did not develop normal social behaviour - more agressive, less sociable, less likely to mate -unlikely to form an attachment if one isn't made before 90 days (Harlow's critical period) |
| Evaluate Lorenz's research in terms of validity. | -low external validity - hard to generalise to humans as the mammalian attachment system is different to that of birds -imprinting has been questioned - as it has been shown to be NOT permanent, generally an animal would prefer to mate with their own species |
| Evaluate Harlow's research. | -useful as it showed attachment was more about contact comfort - shows importance of early relationships between adults and infants -showed us to not neglect children to develop better relationships -his research is argued to be unethical - caused physiological and psychological harm to the baby monkeys |
| What is the learning theory? | -It is the idea that children learn to love those that feed them - proposed by Dollard and Miller (cupboard love) -this is the theory explaining the acquisition of behaviour |
| What is classical conditioning? | -learning to associate a specific stimuli to produce a conditioned response |
| What is operant conditioning? | -this is the reinforcement of behaviour based on its consequences - pleasant ones means it is more likely to be repeated |
| Explain the attachment of an infant to an adult in terms of classical and operant conditioning. | Classical Conditioning -food = UCS - being fed produces happiness = UCR -mother = NS -baby learns to associate mother with food -mother becomes CS - pleasure = CR Operant conditioning -baby cries then gets fed = positive reinforcement, repeats behaviour -mother feeds baby to make it stop crying = negative reinforcement (takes away unpleasant stimulus) |
| Give an example of a primary drive | - Hunger -it is an innate, biological behaviour to help us survive |
| Describe research evidence that contradicts the learning theory? | -Lorenz - goose imprinted before he fed them -Harlow - monkeys preferred comfort over food -Schaffer and Emerson - babies attached to mother, but carers did most of the feeding |
| What was Bowlby's theory? | -Attachment is an innate system that gives us a survival advantage |
| What is monotropy? | -This is part of Bowlby's theory - that an attachment to one particular adult is different and more important compared to other ones. |
| What is the law of continuity and accumulated separation? | Law of continuity - the more constant and predictable a child's behaviour is, the better the quality of attachment Law of accumulated separation - the effects of every separation from the mother add up |
| What are social releasers? | -Bowlby suggested that babies are born with 'cute behaviours' that activate the adult attachment system. |
| Bowlby suggested that there was a critical period in which the infant attachment system was active - how long is this? | 2 years |
| What is an internal working model? | -these are the mental representations of our relationship with our primary caregiver that we use in our perceptions of what future relationships should be like. |
| What evidence supports or contradicts Bowlby's theory? | -Bowlby suggested that babies only attached to one adult at the start, in Schaffer and Emerson's study, some formed multiple at one time -Social releasers are supported by Brazleton and their observation of interactional synchrony between babies and their mothers. -Internal working model supported by Bailey - mothers who reported poor attachments to their own mother more likely to form a bad attachment to their children. |
| Describe Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation | -controlled observation to test attachment security - infants assessed on response to unfamiliar room (exploration and secure base behavior) , being left alone (separation anxiety), left with a stranger (stranger anxiety) , and re-united with a caregiver (reunion response) |
| What were the three types of attachment identified by Ainsworth and their characteristics concluded from this experiment? | Secure attachment (Type B) - moderate separation distress and stranger anxiety, comfort at reunion, proximity seeking Insecure-avoidant (Type A) - low stranger, and separation anxiety - little response to caregiver Insecure-resistant (Type C) - strong attachment, high separation and stranger anxiety, resists comfort at reunion |
| Evaluate the Strange Situation in terms of validity | -strongly predictive of later development - has high external validity as it can be generalised to real life situations -has good inter-rater reliability - has many observers watching at the same time -good internal validity - controlled observation |
| Van Ijzendoorn conducted a study into the cultural variations of attachment in a range of countries. Describe how they did this. | -researchers located 32 studies of attachment in which the Strange Situation was used to identify the attachment types - these were conducted in 8 countries, 18 were in the USA, and overall it yielded for 1990 children |
| What did they find? | -Insecure-resistant highest in Israel (30%) -Insecure - avoidant highest in Germany, and lowest in Japan -Secure-attachment most common classification in all countries |
| Evaluate this study in terms of validity. | -Large sample size - almost 2000 babies - high internal validity as anomalies will have less effect on overall results -Samples unrepresentative of cultures - different child-rearing methods in countries - hard to compare results between countries |
| What is maternal deprivation? | -this is the cause of intellectual and emotional consequences due to separation between a child and their mother - which is needed for normal psychological development |
| What is the critical period? | -Bowlby suggested that the first 30 months is essential for psychological development - if the child had prolonged separation from the mother, it would have psychological damage (Bowlby believed) |
| Briefly describe the effects of maternal deprivation on emotional and intellectual development. | Emotional - affectionless psychopathy, hard to develop normal relationships, may become involved in crime Intellectual - abnormally low IQ |
| What is Bowlby's 44 thieves study? | -44 teenagers accused of stealing, all interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy (lack of guilt, empathy, and empathy) -families interviewed to see if they had maternal deprivation |
| What did they find in this study? | -14 of 44 described as affectionless psychopaths, 12 of them had prolonged maternal deprivation - helped to conclude that maternal deprivation/separation caused affectionless psychopathy |
| Evaluate Bowlby's 44 Thieves Study in terms of validity | -those involved in the study may have had poor care as well as maternal deprivation - other factors may have been involved in causing affectionless psychopaths -44 thieves had bias - Bowlby carried out assessments of interviews - looked for info to support his theory |
| What is institutionalization? | -used to describe effects of living in an institution (orphanage, hospitals) - which normally do not have good emotional care |
| Describe how Rutter conducted his English and Romanian Adoptee study. | -165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain studied - they were previously living in an institution. -they were assessed for cognitive, physical and emotional development at 4, 6, 11 and 15 years old, along with 52 other British orphans (control group) |
| What did Rutter find? | The mean IQ for those adopted before 6 months was 102, mean IQ for those adopted between six and two years was 86 Children adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment - attention seeking, clinginess towards all adults |
| Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 children (aged 12-31 months) who lived in institutional care, and used the Strange Situation to identify their attachment type, and asked carers about unusual social beh. like clinginess, attention-seeking. What did they find? | Only 19% of the institutionalized were identified as secure, compared to 74% of the control group (50 children that have never lived in an institution) -44% had disorganised attachment compared to 20% in control |
| What are the effects of institutionalisation? | Disinhibited attachment - friendly to all adults - little stranger anxiety Mental retardation - low IQ |
| Evaluate orphan studies. | -Romanian study - led to improvements in institutions, high internal validity -may be hard to generalise to other real life applications as Romanians experienced extreme conditions - may be different in other institutions |
| What are the effects of different attachment types on later relationships in childhood? | Secure - form best quality childhood relationships Insecurely attached - have friendship difficulties Insecure avoidant - likely to be bullied Insecure resistant - likely to become bullies |
| What are the different effects of different attachment types on later romantic relationships? | In Gerard McArthy's study of 40 adult women, those who identified as secure had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships -those that were insecure-resistant had trouble maintaining relationships -insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships |
| Describe Hazan and Shaver's study into the association of attachment and adult relationships. | -'love quiz' posted on American newspaper -620 replies analysed -it had three sections 1) asked on current important relationship 2) assessed general experience of love 3) respondents asked on current feelings |
| What did they find? | 56% identified as secure 25% insecure-avoidant 19% insecure-resistant -Secure - most likely to have long lasting relationships Avoidant - became jealous and feared intimacy |
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