16207012
| Questão | Responda |
| which fossa is the cerebellum located in | posterior cranial fossa |
| what is the sheet of dura mater that covers the cerebellum and separates it from the cerebrum called? | tentorium cerebelli |
| what is the falx cerebri? | it is a reflection of dura mater that divides the cerebral hemispheres |
| what structure divides the cerebellum into 2 lobes? | the vermis |
| at which points does the cerebellum join the brainstem? | superior cerebellar peduncle - midbrain middle cerebellar peduncle - pons inferior cerebellar peduncle - medulla |
| what are the 3 functional lobes of the cerebellum? | cerebrocerebellum spinocerebellum vestibulocerebellum |
| cerebrocerebellum | a.k.a. neocerebellum formed by lateral hemispheres plans + coordinates movements dentate nucleus is here |
| spinocerebellum | a.k.a paleocerebellum formed by the vermis (midline) concerned with muscle tone and posture nuclei globose and emboliform are here |
| vestibulocerebellum | a.k.a archicerebellum formed by flocculonodular lobe concerned with balance fastigial nucleus is found here |
| why are problems of the cerebellum ipsilateral? | there is a double decussation |
| midline lesions affect which functional lobe(s) of the cerebellum? what are the consequences? | vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum affected therefore you get nystagmus, loss of balance, disturbed + unsteady gait |
| lateral lesions affect which function lobe(s) of the cerebellum? what are the consequences? | cerebrocerebellum affected therefore you get incoordination/intention tremor, unsteady gait (no sensory deficit and no muscular weakness) |
| bilateral dysfunction of the cerebellum presents with | dysarthria (unclear articulation of speech) cerebellar ataxia (incoordination of both arms, wide-based unsteady gait) |
| what is the significance of the cerebellar tonsil position within the skull? | they lie just above foramen magnum and so if a lumbar puncture is done to a patient with increased ICP they can herniate out, compressing the medulla --> disrupting normal HR, BP, breathing --> death |
| state the names of the 6 basal ganglia nulcei | nucleus accumbens caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia nigra |
| what makes up the corpus striatum? | caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus |
| what makes up the lentiform/lenticular nucleus? | putamen + globus pallidus |
| what are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra and which part produces dopamine? | pars compacta - dopamine pars reticulata |
| what are the 2 most important pathways in the basal ganglia and what are their functions? | direct pathway allows purposeful movements indirect pathway prevents unwanted movements |
| inputs to direct/indirect pathways from | cortex mainly thalamus substantia nigra (dopamine) |
| outputs from the striatum go to | globus pallidus (internal segment) and pars reticulata of substantia nigra cortex (primary and supplementary motor regions) and UMNs (via the thalamus) |
| pathophysiology of Huntington's disease? | neuronal loss in the striatum and cortex (frontal and parietal lobes) |
| what is chorea? | brief sudden purposeless jerks |
| age of onset of Huntington's | between 20-50 years |
| what is hemiballismus | a rare movement disorder (a type of chorea) that results in flailing, ballistic, and undesired movement of limbs |
| hemiballismus is caused by | lesion in contralateral subtalamic nucleus (can be due to MS) |
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