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Criado por garybearden
quase 11 anos atrás
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Questão | Responda |
What are statistics? | The art and science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data. |
What is data? | The facts and figures collected, analyzed, and summarized for presentation and interpretation. |
What is a data set? | All the data collected in a particular study? |
What are elements? | The entities on which data are collected? |
What is a variable? | A characteristic of interest for the elements. |
What is an observation? | The set of measurements obtained for a particular element. |
What is nominal scale? | The scale of measurement for a variable when the data are labels or names used to identify an attribute of an element. Nominal data may be nonnumerical or numerical. |
What is ordinal scale? | The scale of measurement for a variable if the data exhibit the properties of nominal data and the order or rank of the data is meaningful. Ordinal data may be nonnumerical or numerical. |
What is interval scale? | The scale of measurement for a variable if the data demonstrate the properties of ordinal data and the interval between values is expressed in terms of a fixed unit of measure. Interval data are always numerical. |
What is ratio scale? | The scale of measurement for a variable if the data demonstrate all the properties of interval data and the ratio of two values is meaningful. Ratio data are always numerical. |
What is categorical data? | Labels or names used to identify an attribute of each element. Categorical data use either the nominal or ordinal scale of measurement and may be nonnumerical or numerical. |
What is quantitative data? | Numerical values that indicate how much or how many of something. Quantitative data are obtained using either the interval or ratio scale of measurement. |
What is a categorical variable? | A variable with categorical data. |
What is a quantitative variable? | A variable with quantitative data. |
What is cross-sectional data? | Data collected at the same or approximately the same point in time. |
What are time series data? | Data collected over several time periods. |
What are descriptive statistics? | Tabular, graphical, and numerical summaries of data. |
What is a population? | The set of all elements of interest in a particular study. |
What is a sample? | A subset of the population. |
What is a census? | A survey to collect data on the entire population. |
What is a sample survey? | A survey to collect data on a sample. |
What is statistical inference? | The process of using data obtained from a sample to make estimates or test hypotheses about the characteristics of a population. |
What is data mining? | The process of using procedures from statistics and computer science to extract useful information from extremely large databases. |
Discuss the differences between statistics as numerical facts and statistics as a discipline or field of study. | The term statistics refers to numerical facts such as averages, medians, percents, and index numbers that that help us understand a variety of business and economic situations. Statistics as a discipline is defined as the art and science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data. |
What is discrete quantitative data? | Quantitative data that measure how many (e.g., number of telephone calls received in 15 minutes). |
What are continuous qualitative data? | Quantitative data that measure how much (e.g., weight or time) are continuous because no separation occurs between the possible data values. |
What are observational or nonexperimental statistical studies? | Statistical studies that make no attempt to control the variables of interest. A survey is perhaps the most common type of observational study. |
What is an experimental statistical study? | A study in which a variable of interest is first identified. Then one or more other variables are identified and controlled so that data can be obtained about how they influence the variable of interest. |
What are outliers? | Data with unusually large and small values. This data should be reviewed for possible data errors. |
What is the most common numerical descriptive statistic? | The average or mean. |
What is data warehousing? | The process of capturing, storing, and maintaining data. |
Method to evaluate statistical model reliability? | First, divide the sample data set into two parts: a training data set and a test data set. If the model developed using the training set data is able to accurately predict values in the test data, we say that the model is reliable. |
Forms of unethical behavior in statistics? | Improper sampling, inappropriate analysis of the data, development of misleading graphs, use of inappropriate summary statistics, and/or a biased interpretation of the statistical results. |
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