19164
Descrição
FlashCards por OliviaBridge, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por OliviaBridge
mais de 11 anos atrás
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| Questão | Responda |
| Outline what Gottesmans study of the family found. | Gottesman - SZ is more common among biological relatives - The closer the genetic relation the higher the risk (developing SZ) |
| Outline the concordance rates for 2 Parents with SZ 1 Parent with SZ Sibiling with SZ | 2 Parents - 46 % 1 Parent - 13% Sibling - 9% |
| Outline the results of Joepsh twin studies. (Concordance rates) | MZ (Identical) - 40.4% DZ (Non-identical) - 7.4% This suggests there is a genetic link to SZ: Not 100% (MZ) therefore other contributing factors. |
| Outline the findings of more recent studies using twins. | Studies using a 'blind diagnosis' (researchers unaware MZ or DZ twins) LOWER concordance rates for MZ twins |
| Outline one reason other than genetic factors as to why SZ concordance rate may be higher in MZ twins. | MZ twins encounter - More similar environments (Do things together) - Experience 'identity confusion' (treated as twins rather than individuals Concordance rates reflect the different environments rather than genetics. |
| Outline an AO2 point for adoption studies. | Studies presume adoptees are not 'selectively placed'. In Denmark/USA adoptive parents informed genetic background Kringlen - who would adopt such children? |
| Explain the evolutionary explanation of SZ. | SZ is functional: Australian Aborigines: (group became too large) it had to split. SZ adaptive function: disconnected individual to easily leave. Psychotic thinking allowed them to create a new community |
| What does the dopamine hypothesis suggest? | Neurons that transmit dopamine fire to easily/often = characteristics of SZ. SZ have abnormally high no. of D2 receptors (receiving neuron) = more dopamine binding & firing. |
| What does dopamine control and what happens if there's too much? | Attention: as a result too much dopamine leads to hallucinations /delusions |
| How is the role of dopamine highlighted through evidence such as the use of amphetamines? | Amphetamines act as an agonist, leading to an excess of dopamine in the synapse. High levels of dopamine cause hallucinations/delusions. High dopamine levels = SZ |
| How is the role of dopamine highlighted through evidence such as anti - psychotic drugs? | Anti-psychotics act as an antagonist: blocking & reducing the amount of dopamine in the synapse. This eliminates symptoms (Hallucinations/delusions) Support: dopamine is significant contributing factor to SZ |
| How is the role of dopamine highlighted through evidence such as Parkinson's disease? | Low levels of dopamine found in individuals with Parkinsons. Those taking the drug L-Dopa(stimulates/increases dopamine levels) found to have SZ symptoms. |
| State one problem with the Dopamine Hypothesis. | Drugs used block dopamine can increase dopamine activity neurons attempt to compensate for deficiency. |
| Outline the findings of post mortem studies. | Haracz : Post mortems of SZ showed high dopamine levels in those who had received anti-psychotic drugs before death. Those who hadn't showed normal dopamine levels. |
| What are the findings of PET scans? | PET scans have failed to provide evidence which suggests that there is altered dopamine activity in the brains of individuals with SZ. |
| Outline what brain imaging techniques have found in individuals with SZ. | Researchers have found large ventricles in brains of SZ. Torrey: Ventricles in SZ - 15% bigger than normal Display negative rather than positive symptoms Ventricles may be result of poor brain development = SZ |
| Outline why the dopamine hypothesis is reductionist. | Suggest SZ purely result of excess in dopamine. Maybe result of environmental factors. Adoption studies suggest genetic link. Diathesis stress relationship witin SZ |
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