Scientific Process

Questão	Responda
How does one gather evidence?	I - Identify: question of interest G - Gather: form hypothesis T - Test Hypothesis: conduct research A - Analyze data: draw conclusions B - Build body of knowledge: formal statements building theory
What are Scientific Theories?	1. Organized info 2. Testable 3. Prediction supported by research 4. Conform to law of parsimony (simple is better)
What are Non-Scientific Theories?	1. Make no prediction 2. Are not Testable 3. Cannot be Falsifiable
Types of Methods	1. Descriptive Research behaviour in natural settings 2. Correlational Studies relationship between variables 3. Experimental 'cause + effect'
Case Studies	In-depth analysis of individual, group or event Advantages: detailed, challenge validity of theories, source of new ideas for further research
Naturalistic Observation	Observation of behaviour in a natural setting Advantages: provides rich description of behaviour Disadvantage: observer presence = impact on behaviour
Survey Research	Questionnaires Advantages: findings portray population as a whole Disadvantage: does not permit clear conclusions & rely on self-reports
Correlational Research	Researcher measures one variable (x), another variable (y) & determines relation * No manipulation *
Correlation Coefficient	Ranges from -1.0 to +1.0; sign indicates direction & absolute value indicates strength Positive: variables = same direction Negative: variables = opposite direction
Strength of Correlation	Value of coefficient = strength of relationship Ex. correlation of -.80 reflects as powerful as +.80
3 Characteristics of Cause & Effect Relationships	1. Manipulate one variable 2. Measures whether this variable produces change in another 3. Control for other factors that might influence results
Independent Variable	Manipulated by experimenter; something that can be "changed" Ex. noise level, or dose or drug
Dependent Variable	Measured by experimenter; "dependent on" what can be changed Ex. learning, # of symptoms
An industrial psychologist studies the # of cars produced on the assembly line during morning/evening shifts. What is the IV and DV?	IV: time of shift DV: # of cars
Experimental Group	Receives treatment
Control Group	Not exposed to treatment
Between-Subject Design	Different participants in each condition; groups must be equal for various traits
Within-Subject Design	Same participants in all conditions; individuals are equal
Counterbalancing	Def~ order of conditions is varied; No condition has an overall advantage compared to others
Interaction	When one IV impacts the DV differently depending on the conditions of another IV
Research Validity	How well an experimental procedure actually tests what it is designed to; Threats: confounding variables, expectancy effects & placebo effect
Confounding Variables	When there are 2 variables and cannot determine which impacted the DV
Experimenter Expectancy Effects	Unintentional ways experimenters influence participants to respond to the hypothesis
Double-blind procedure	Neither participant or research knows which experimental condition the person is in
Placebo Effect	A change in behaviour that is due to one's expectation, not because of an experimental manipulation
Quasi-Experimental Research	Attempt to produce a cause + effect explanation but fall short

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	Criado por Elena Oliva quase 5 anos atrás