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| Questão | Responda |
| Key researchers? | Darley & Latane - mainstream experimental (situational variables) Borofsky et al (1971) - mainstream experimental (role playing) Shotland & Straw (1976) - mainstream experimental (simulated attack) Cherry (1995) - move from mainstream to critical feminist perspective |
| Victim and attacker? | Kitty Genovese (white, middle aged) - raped & murdered in middle-class superb of New York (1964) Winston Moseley (black) |
| Initial case details | •38 witnesses (bystanders) - none intervened •Media - representative of an indifferent, uncaring, apathetic society (dispositional explanation) |
| Darley & Latane (1) | •Challenged media assumptions •Failure to act due to situational factors •Diffusion of responsibility •Diffusion of blame •Assuming someone else is acting (if not able to see all witnesses) |
| Darley & Latane (2) | •Operationalised assertions into series of experiments: >Medical emergency >Smoked filled room •IV - # people •DV - time taken to respond/report emergency |
| Darley & Latane (3) | Findings (support hypothesis): 85% Ps who thought they were alone responded 62% when 2 other attendees 31% when 4 attendees Conclusion - more perceived help available - less likely people were to respond Group size = big impact on speed of response Failure to respond = situational not dispositional factors Non-intervening Ps: still felt guilty, not apathy (emotional conflict re whether they should respond) (good experiment: consistent, has been replicated) •Demand characteristics? |
| Cherry's critique of Darley & Latane (& bystander research in general) (1) | **Situated knowledge key** •Initially accepted findings of D&L - later adopted critical feminist stance •Necessary to attend to socio-cultural factors (gender & nature of M/F r'ships) (NB - D&L did use female Ps) •Behaviour complex & incidental variables impossible to ctrl (can't be operationalised) •Experiments strip away these factors (class, gender, poverty, lack of female representation in psych generally) •Ecological validity •White m/c researchers unlikely to be aware of socio-cultural factors |
| Cherry's critique of Darley & Latane (& bystander research in general) (2) | •Emphasis on situatedness - violence not reported; police not intervene in domestic violence (NB - phone system not allow anon report of crime) •Challenge assumption research apolitical, ahistorical, value-free (standpoint epistemology) •Power systematically excluded - inequalities re gender, race, class, poverty •Structural factors underplayed •Borofsky; Shotland & Shaw - support representative stance, more like original event •Reflexivity crucial |
| Cherry quote | KG case not so much about "bystander apathy" but specific form of "turning a blind eye" to something that is "none of your business" **very different explanation to D&L's** |
| Further criticisms of experimental method | •Ignores how people's interpretations of situation are framed by personal histories, value & moral principles of society •Scientific language 'persuades' people that issues exist - but also disguise assumptions & preconceptions of researchers •Experiments not tests of 'truth' but instead reflect the cultural knowledge of the experimenter working in certain social context |
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