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| Questão | Responda |
| what is the Zeff trend across a period? | Zeff increases across each period. Zeff=the total number of protons in the atom (Z)- number of core electrons.. |
| what is the atomic radius trend across a period and a group? | Atomic radii decrease to the right across each period of the periodic table. Atomic radii increase down each group. |
| the trend of ions, how are anions and cations related to their neutral atoms? are they larger or smaller or the same?? | anions are larger than neutral atoms while cations are smaller than their neutral atoms.. |
| between atoms of larger Zeff and those of smaller Zeff, which ones are strongly attracted to the nucleus? | Atoms with larger Zeff are more strongly attracted to the nucleus than those of atoms with smaller Zeff,hence the electron cloud of these atoms is smaller. |
| what is ionization energy? what is the trend of ionization energy?? | Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a ground state atom in the gas phase to form a cation. ionization of an electron is always endothermic(positive values)(energy added) Ionization energies increase to the right across each period,with anomalies of group 13 and 16. ionization energy decreases down each group. |
| between the first and the second ionization energies which one is higher??? | second ionization energy of an atom is larger than the first ionization energy because the second electron is being removed from a cation in which electrons are electrostatically held more tightly than in the neutral atom. |
| EXPLAIN WHAT ELECTRO AFFINITY IS AND HOW IT TRENDS ACROSS A PERIOD | Electro affinity is the energy released when an electron enters the atomic orbital of a neutral atom in the gas phase. the absolute values of electro negativity increase to the right across each period. |
| Explain electronegativity and state the trend. | Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract electrons to itself. Electronegativity values increase across a period to the right and decrease down a group. |
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