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| Questão | Responda |
| Authoritarian Personality (Adorno et al) | Unconscious anger irrationally displaced - generalised hatred for anyone/anything 'different' |
| Dogmatic Personality (Rokeach) | Tend to see world as 'black and white'. Unable to tolerate ambiguities or uncertainties |
| Cognitive Rigidity (Fisher's Pyramid) | Study of unsymmetrical pyramid. High in prejudice = remembers pyramid as symmetrical |
| Fiske and Taylor Cognitive miser | Simplified prototypes free up cognitive space highlighting perceived inter-group differences and minimises intra-group differences |
| Fazio et al : implicit prejudice. | Participants were shown various white and black faces followed by stimulus word. Respondents reacted slower to positive words and faster for negative words when seeing a black face than seeing a white face. Association between race and positive/negative values. |
| Hughenberg and Bodenhausen | Implicit prejudice and perceptions of facial threat. Participants high in implicit prejudice viewed anger longer in black faces than white. |
| Tajfel and Turner (SIT) | * Individuals categories themselves with a group identity, they spot differences with others which emphasises the 'us' and 'them' distinction * Individuals become 'depersonalised'. They act upon their group identity rather than as an individual |
| Sherif (Realistic conflict model) | * Attributions are a rational, objective response to parties in conflict over scarce resources. * Intergroup conflict can be resolved through 'positive goal interdependence' (mutually desired goals in which cooperation is necessary) |
| Discursive psychological Accounts are never transparent reflections of an event... | ...people construct meanings that are relevant to them. eg. two people may describe the same event in different ways |
| Discursive psychological 'Shared psychological thesaurus' | Categories are socially constructed and used both cognitively (internally) and socially to describe groups (externally) |
| Discursive psychological Variations of social events are circulated by... | Conversations and mass media reports |
| Discursive psychological Stereotyping and formation of social attitudes are only possible because... | ...we share a common language and jointly 'construct' meanings of social relations |
| Discursive psychological criticised for ignoring cognitive and emotive factors. Discursive psychologists claim that it... | ...enriches rather than ignores psychological domain |
| Gaertner and Dovidios | "Recategorisation Model of Contact" Members of different sub-groups see one another as members of a shared 'in-group'. They become a 'we' rather than 'us' and 'them' |
| Hewstone and Brown | "Pluralist Model of Contact" Group identity is central to a persons identity, contact should be an intergroup process - participants recognise and celebrate their differences |
| Brewer and Miller | "Decategorisation Model of Contact" When group differences are de-emphasised and focus is on individuals - attention on person replaces category identity |
| Limits of contact hypothesis Theory is tested in laboratories... | ...not based on real life interactions |
| Limits of contact hypothesis Recategorisation model can easily lead to prejudice if... | ...long history of conflict between groups, eg. Scottish and English, but together are British |
| Limits of contact hypothesis Theoretical individualism... | Contact can lead to people regarding individuals as 'exceptions to the rule', still holding their larger stereotypical view |
| Study: Hopkins and Hopkins. Studied British Muslim's perceptions of contact and social change | * Findings must be considered in terms of historical context. * Some felt that contact would improve social change - showing that they are not a closed-off group, others felt that contact would contaminate their values and beliefs, which in turn would weaken their ability to resist discrimination |
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