Philosophy

Questão	Responda
What are the four virtues?	Courage Temperance Justice Wisdom
What is virtue? Definition	Human characteristics or dispositions that distinguish good people from bad.
What is the problem of Induction? -- According to Plato.	Uses a few examples and then generalize to a universal idea. Observe a few particulars then jumps to all particulars. Example: If some tables then all tables.
What is the problem of Interpretation? -- According to Plato	I see different universals in my mind for an object i.e. redness. Requires some universal knowledge.
Whose theory is this? From Becoming: Material Particulars share in Abstact Essences i.e. two things are both red; which leads to Universals/Forms/Ideas that are shared = To Being	Plato
Whose argument is it and what is the argument for the immortality of the soul based from our knowledge of abstract essences?	Plato: Our soul holds all knowledge of universals. Recollection: something jogs our memory to cause us to remember what is already there. Reincarnation: When we die the soul leave the body and enters another body.
Who has the argument for the immortality of the soul from composition and simplicity and what does it mean?	Soccrates (Plato) - The body is composite, divisible, changeable, destructible and mortal. If something is simple it is indivisible, unchangeable and indestructible and immortal - the soul is "like" something simple.
What is the Materialist objection from the idea that the soul is a harmony of the body and Plato's responses?	A lyer (material) produces harmonies (immaterial). The fact that the soul can control the body makes the lyer analogy false i.e. black swan example. The soul has life in itself that it confers on the body. The soul cannot go out of existence it is immortal.
What is Plato's view of the body and what it does?	Body is material, it is sensual, and is always in conflict with the intellectual.
What is Plato's view of the soul and what it does in his view?	It is immaterial, intellectual, and always in conflict with the body.
What is the argument for the distinction between soul and body from analogy to cycles in nature?	Plato speaks of oscillations between pairs of opposites i.e. day and night; life cycles of trees, death and life. Nature has stable patterns of behavior so in the case of death & life there must be something that stays the same = soul.
What is the argument for the distinction between soul and body from the difference and conflict between intellectual and bodily desires?	Bodies can sense, however they do not have intellect. Plato says the task of philosophy is to free your mind from bodily desires - the mind controls the body -- and thus gains pleasure and immortality.
What is the argument for the distinction between soul and body from the difference between false virtue based in bodily desires, and true virtue based in intellectual thinking?	Pursue virtues in two ways: Sensual - courage of soldier - go to battle vs. court marshaled and shot. Thinking - Use the virtue i.e. courage as the guiding thought = fulfilling. Our thinking will control our bodily desires. When thinking rules then we have genuine virtue. Intellectual can rule sensual, sensual cannot rule itself.
Define Skepticism	No matter; we don't know anything.
Define Empiricism	Reliance on experience as the source of ideas and knowledge. More specifically, empiricism is the epistemological theory that genuine information about the world must be acquired by a posteriori means, so that nothing can be thought without first being sensed.
Define Rationalist	Reject knowledge from senses and only accept what is reasoned. Goal of knowledge are claims that are clear, rational & distinct.
Primary Properties	Everything that is a clear mathematical theory.
Secondary Properties	The way things "subjectively" appear i.e. colors.
A priori knowledge (rationalists)	Clear and distinct ideas. A truth you can grasp with mind alone, distinct from other beliefs, immediately obvious.
A posteriori knowledge (Empiricists)	Engages the senses. You cannot close your eyes and reason - must use sight. i.e. there are 10 chairs in the room.
What do you call clear and distinct ideas?	A priori knowledge.
What is Descartes purpose and goal in the Meditations, including his methodological doubt?	Purpose and goal is to "know" with absolute certainty. Must give up all that is not justified. What can be doubted is set aside.
Descartes: what is the argument for the Untrustworthiness of the senses?	Because some sense knowledge is deceptive therefore the senses are not entirely trustworthy.
Descartes: What is the argument for the Human Essence from Methodological Doubt?	That I am a thinking thing and therefore that is the way the world is most foundationally - I think therefore I am.
Descartes: What is the "Dream" argument and what it shows can be doubted?	My sense perceptions do not correspond to what is actually before me therefore I should doubt my senses.
Descartes: What is the "Evil Demon" Argument and what does it show can be doubted?	I am possibly deceived by an evil demon which puts my sense perceptions, theological knowledge, and priori knowledge in doubt (do not correspond with reality), thus I should doubt them.
What is the ordinary language response by Oets Kolk Bouwsma against the Evil Demon argument?	For something to be a deception there must be a way or be able to "see through" the deception. You are not deceived unless you know or can see the deception.
What is the ordinary language response to the Evil Demon argument by George Edward Moore?	If we are deceived then there is no real or external world. If we have access to the world i.e "hands" then there IS an external world.
What is the response to the Evil Demon argument from the empiricist John Locke?	I don't care. If I'm deceived then beliefs would not be true -- it is unlikely all beliefs would not be false. Don't worry about Evil Demon argument. I can get on okay in this world, I don't care.
What does Descartes say human personas are?	We are a thinking thing.
What does Descartes say our minds are?	Characterized by consciousness - we are aware when we are awake, we are intentional if what we do for others or ourselves, the mind is private not public.
What are material things according to Descartes?	Material things take up space, can be explained mathematically by clear and distinct ideas.
What is the Cosmological argument for the existence of God?	Part 1: Everything that is caused (or contingent) is caused by another so the cause of material things, human minds, and laws of nature are uncaused causes. Part 2: That all causes lead back to one uncaused cause. Part 3: the uncaused cause is God.
What does the Problem of Evil Argument against the existence of God conclude?	An omnibenevolent being would prevent any evil that he or she knew about and could prevent -- so there is no omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent being.
What is Descarte's Ontological Argument for the existence of God?	All Descartes knows exists is himself and his ideas. Anything that is produced must be produced by something with equal or greater reality to it -- since the idea of God contains such perfection that it could not have been produced from his reality, therefore God exists.
What are the differences between mind and body according to Descartes?	- Minds are describable with conscious properties; bodies with physical properties -Minds are first person, private; bodies are third person, public -Existence of minds is certain; existence of bodies is dubitable -Bodily events cause conscious events, and vice versa.
What is Descartes view as to why we can be sure that there is an external world?	Our ideas exist. We know scientifically that our bodies exist. When the body interacts with the world we get ideas. Therefore there is a bridge between ideas and the external world. The external world exists.
What is the analogical theory of other minds?	Other things have minds if they are sufficiently similar to us.
What is Interaction Problem?	A criticism of Descartes' theory whereby the mind is immaterial and the body is physical. For one physical thing to interact with another there has to be a push/pull. Problem is that the mind does not have a physical interaction with the body.
What is the Conservation of Energy Problem?	A criticism of Descartes' theory in that through any causal reaction the same amount of energy that goes in comes out with the same amount of energy. The mind has no energy to put into the reactions.
What is the Cartesian Circle?	Descartes assumes logic to prove the existence of God, but to prove the existence of God he must prove his reasoning exists. Circular argument.
What is the basic theory of Occasionalism?	We hypothesize that the mind & body don't interact. Rather, God causes one to interact with the other. God can "tweak" each world to make things happen "on the occasion" things are going on in your mind & body.
What is the basic idea of Parallelism?	God created a physical world and a mental world in the beginning, and he lets the two run in parallel.
What is the basic idea of Idealism?	Starts with the appearances. Certain I have a mind, but no posit for there to be a physical world. there is no physical world only minds with sensory experiences. "To be is to be perceived."
What is the basic idea of Pure Phenomenalism?	If all knowledge comes through the senses then the only trust we have is in our own experiences. "My experiences." The only things that exist are pure phenomena.
What is an Argument?	Gives reasons (Premises) in propositional form (true/false) that support some claim (Conclusion).
When are propositions CONSISTENT?	If and only if 1) they could all simultaneously be true 2) they do not contradict each other.
When is an argument valid?	If and only if 1) Conclusion follow from premises 2) Premises entail, that is support, the conclusion 3) One can deduce conclusion from the premises. NOTE: It is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.
When is an argument Sound?	If and only if 1) Argument is valid 2) all of the premises are true 3) therefore the conclusion is true.
Are Propositions true or false or are they valid or invalid?	True or False
Are Arguments True or False or Valid or Invalid?	Valid or Invalid.
What is: Argument from Correlation to Causation?	The evidence for a claim about causes is usually a correlation. The association of two events or kinds of events: between your grades in a class and where you sit in the classroom.
What is a Deductive Argument?	An argument of such a form that if its premises are true, the conclusion must be true too. Properly formed deductive arguments are called Valid arguments.
What is an Ad hominem fallacy?	Attacking the person of a source rather than his or her qualifications or reliability or the actual argument he or she makes.
What is an ad misericordiam fallacy	An appeal to pity.
What is an ad populum fallacy?	Appealing to the emotions of a crowd; also, appealing to a person to go along with the crowd ("Everyone's doing it!")
What is the fallacy of begging the question or circular reasoning?	Argument follows a circle, and eventually ends up starting in the same place it wants to end.
What is the fallacy of persuasive definition or loaded language mean?	Language that primarily plays on the emotions. It does not make an argument at all, but is only a form of manipulation. Or defining a term in a way that may seem to be straightforward but in fact is loaded.
What is the fallacy Straw Man mean?	A caricature of an opposing view, exaggerated from what anyone is likely to hold, so that it is easy to refute.
What does the fallacy False Dilemma mean?	Reducing the options you consider to just two, often diametrically opposed to each other and unfair to the people against whom the dilemma is posed. Example - America: Love it or Leave it.
What does the fallacy Ad baculum mean?	Threats are used instead of giving reasons for the claim. Appeal to fear.
What is a Material Fallacy?	Any way an argument can go wrong. A fallacy of content - the matter.
What is an argument from analogy?	An argument from alterations in nature.
A type of deductive argument?	An argument from knowledge of abstract essences.
What is an inductive argument?	An inductive argument is one in which the premises are supposed to support the conclusion in such a way that if the premises are true, it is improbable that the conclusion would be false. Thus, the conclusion follows probably from the premises and inferences.
What is a deductive argument?	A deductive argument is one in which it is impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion false. Thus, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises and inferences. In this way, it is supposed to be a definitive proof of the truth of the claim (conclusion).
What is inference to the best explanation?	We work out what to infer from the evidence by thinking about what would actually explain that evidence, and we take the ability of a hypothesis to explain the evidence as a sign that the hypothesis is correct.
What is an Effect-to-cause argument?	1. Object x is contingent (observed, can be changed) 2. Everything contingent as a sufficient explaination 3. So ther eis something Y that suff. explains/causes x 4. Every effect resembles it's cause in some way 5. so X resembles y 6. x has some property z. 7. So y has z or some z-like property.
What are the 5 causal principles?	1. Principal of Parsimony - favor simple explanation 2. Principle of Sufficient Reason - every fact has a sufficient explanation 3. Everything caused is caused by another 4. Every effect resembles it's cause; every cause produces effects that are like it. 5. Nothing can cause (give) what it doesn't have.
What is a Hypothetical/Conditional proposition?	If/then: 1. Antecedent is sufficient for the consequence. 2. the Consequence is necessary for the antecedent. If/and only if: necessary and sufficient.
What is a disjunctive proposition?	Phrased as either this disjunct or that disjunct - one is true.
What is a conjunctive proposition?	Both conjunct and conjunct - both must be true.

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	Criado por blmwharmon mais de 9 anos atrás