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| Questão | Responda |
| What is today's atmosphere made of? | Nitrogen - 78% Oxygen - 21% Argon - 1% Carbon Dioxide - 0.04% |
| How is igneous rock formed? How is sedimentary rock formed? How is metamorphic rock formed? | IGNEOUS - solidification of magma e.g granite. SEDIMENTARY - layers of sediment (shells) are compacted. e.g limestone METAMORPHIC - rocks that are changed under immense heat and/or pressure. e.g marble. |
| reasons for and against a quarry! | FOR: -products to sell -more jobs available -more money from selling products AGAINST: -noise -more dust -pollution |
| 2 things that Calcium carbonate neutralize! | 1.) neutralizes acidic acids reducing acidic rain. 2.) neutralizes soil which is too acidic. |
| what are the tests for: - carbon dioxide - oxygen - hydrogen -chlorine | CARBON DIOXIDE - turns lime water cloudy OXYGEN - glowing splint relights HYDROGEN - lit splint goes pop CHLORINE - damp litmus paper goes red then white |
| name 2 jobs of hydrochloric acid in your stomach | - to help with digestion - kills bacteria in food |
| name 6 bases! | hydroxides oxides carbonates chlorides sulfates nitrates |
| acid + base ----> salt + water | acid + metal hydroxide ----> salt + water acid + metal oxide ----> salt + water acid + metal carbonate ----> salt + water + carbon dioxide |
| what is electrolysis? | the process which electrical energy by a d.c. supply decomposes compounds. |
| uses of chlorine (cl) (3 uses) | 1.) water treatment to kill bacteria 2.) in the production of bleach 3.) making plastics with e.g PVC |
| top 5 most reactive & extraction method | POTASSIUM SODIUM CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM Method = electrolysis |
| second most reactive & extraction method | ZINK IRON TIN LEAD COPPER Method = heat an ore with carbon |
| least reactive & extraction method | SILVER GOLD PLATINUM Method = found as an uncombined element |
| what is an ore? | rock from the earths crust from which a metal can be extracted from. |
| what is an alloy? | an alloy is a mixture with at least one other element e.g. steel. |
| why are alloys stronger than non alloys? | the different atoms are different sizes, it's more difficult for the atoms to slide over each other. |
| what is a smart material? give an example. | has a property (i.e. shape) that changes with a change in conditions (usually a change in temperature) e.g. nitinol. |
| what are hydrocarbons? | Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon ONLY. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. |
| order of fractioning & uses | GASES - cooking PETROL - fuel for some cars KEROSENE - fuel for air crafts DIESEL OIL - fuel for cars & trains FUEL OIL - fuel for ships & power stations BITUMEN - road surfaces |
| what is complete & incomplete combustion? | COMPLETE COMBUSTION - when a hydrocarbon fuel reacts with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide & water ONLY. INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION - there isn't enough oxygen when a fuel burns so no carbon dioxide can be made. Carbon Monoxide & carbon particles are made instead. |
| how CO² levels can be reduced (2) | - Carbon Dioxide from power stations can be turned into hydrocarbons. - Iron can be added to oceans (iron seeding) causing algae to grow & take in the CO² through photosynthesis. |
| what are the 2 families of hydrocarbons? | ALKANES (single bonds) (saturated) methane, ethane, propane. ALKENES (double bonds) (unsaturated) propene, ethene. |
| what is cracking? | Thermal decomposition of large hydrocarbons into smaller molecules using a catalyst. |
| how do we identify alkanes & alkenes ? | with their reaction to bromine water, which is orange. |
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