Bipolar Transistors (Mod. 4 Sect. 3 Part 1)

Questão	Responda
A _____ is a three-terminal, solid-state semiconductor that's used to control the flow of electrons in a circuit.	transistor
The word "transistor" is a shortened form of "____________", and this is a good description of what a transistor does in a circuit.	current-transferring resistor
A transistor is made from ____ layers of doped semiconductor crystals (usually silicon or germanium).	three
The three layers in a transistor can be arranged in either ___ formation or ___ formation.	NPN, PNP
An ___ transistor contains a thin layer of p-type material sandwiched between two N-type layers.	NPN
The ___ transistor contains a thin layer of N-type material sandwiched between two P-type layers.	PNP
The piece of material/crystal that's grown to make a transistor is called an ____.	ingot
The two end sections of a transistor are called the _____ and the _____. The center section is called the _____.	collector, emitter, base
Because transistors have three sections, they have two PN junctions. This is called a _____ transistor.	bipolar
The junction between the emitter and base is called the ________ junction (____ junction).	emitter-base, E-B
The junction between the base and collector is called the ________ junction (___ junction).	base-collector, B-C
N-type (negative) materials contain excess ____, and P-type (positive) materials contain excess ____.	electrons, holes
Applying the needed DC potentials to the electrodes of a transistor in order to "push" the transistor into conduction is called _____.	biasing
In order to get a bipolar transistor into operation, a _____ must be applied to both the base and collector.	voltage
Because a small change in the base current produces a large change in collector current, bipolar transistors can _____ (increase) signals.	amplify
Changes in base and collector current are the basic principle behind transistor amplifier operation.	no answer, just remember dis
In a bipolar transistor, the amount of signal amplification can be altered by controlling the amount of _______ (voltage) into the base.	electron flow
The control of the amount of current or voltage that enters the base is called _____.	biasing
The ______ voltage is the voltage applied to the base that will push the transistor into conduction.	base voltage
The _______ current is the current applied to the base that will determine the collector current.	base bias
The _____ of a transistor is the point at which the transistor starts to conduct.	bias point
When no voltage at all is connected to the base, the base bias is ____.	zero aka "zero base bias"
If you continue raising the base current, a point will be reached where the collector current levels off. This is called the _____ point. (the transistor is conducting as much as it can)	saturation
When too much current is delivered to a transistor, it is said to be operating in _______. This causes inefficiency in a circuit, and the transistor could be destroyed.	overdrive
When only a DC signal is connected to a transistor, it's said to be in the _____ mode of operation.	static
When only an AC signal is connected to a transistor, it's said to be in the _____ mode of operation.	dynamic
__________ biasing is one method used to obtain a base bias voltage in a transistor.	power supply
________ biasing is the most common method of biasing used in transistor circuits.	voltage divider
When a transistor is voltage divider biased, there's an additional resistor that's called an _________ resistor. This resistor helps prevent thermal runaway.	emitter stabilization (aka temperature stabilization)
________ is an upward spiral of increasing heat and current in a transistor.	Thermal runaway
______ operation is a transistor biased so that only half of the input waveform gets reproduced.	Class-B
In an ___________ (___) circuit, a radio signal is delivered to an amplifier. The output of that amplifier goes to several additional amplifiers. At some point in the receiver, part of the signal gets rectified into DC voltage. This voltage is then fed back into the first amplifier and used for biasing. This circuit prevent changes in the strength of the radio input signal changing the volume of the output signal.	automatic volume control (AVC)
If the bias voltage is increased above the requirement for maximum, the gain decreases. This is called _____ AVC.	forward
If the bias voltage is decreased below the requirement for maximum, the gain is decreased. This is called _____ AVC.	reverse
In a _____ amplifier, the positive and negative swings of the output current are amplified equally.	linear
In a _____ amplifier, certain portions of the output current are more amplified than others.	nonlinear
_____ reactance is is reactance due to the presence of capacitance in an AC circuit.	Capacitive
_____ reactance is the part of the reactance of an AC circuit that's due to inductance.	Inductive
When both reactances and resistances are present in an AC circuit, the total opposition to the flow of AC current is called _____.	impedance
_____ is represented by the symbol Z and is measured in ohms.	Impedance
When the values of internal impedance and the external impedance are equal, and at the same time, the external reactance is equal to the internal reactance. This is a special situation called _____.	resonance
Resonance is also called _________.	impedance match
_____ impedance is the amount of impedance you would measure at the output terminals.	Output
_____ impedance is the amount of impedance that you would measure at the input terminals.	Input
The term ____ refers to an amplifier's ability to increase the amplitude of a weak signal.	gain
In a transistor, the _____ terminal is the third connection and is common to both the input and output terminals.	common
There's 3 possible configurations for an NPN amplifier circuit: _________ amplifiers, ________ amplifiers, and ________ amplifiers.	common-emitter, common-collector, common-base
The behavior of any amplifier depends directly on which terminal is used as the _____ connection.	common
The _______ amplifier is the most commonly used configuration. The input signal is delivered to the base, and the output signal is taken from the collector.	common-emitter
In a ________ amplifier configuration, the input signal is delivered to the base and the output signal is taken from the emitter.	common-collector (aka emitter follower)
In a ________ amplifier configuration, the input signal is delivered to the emitter and the output signal is taken from the collector.	common-base
A transistor's _____ are fixed specifications that tell you what the transistor is capable of doing.	parameters
A transistors current gain is indicated by two related specifications: ____ and ____. These two values can tell you how well a bipolar transistor performs as an amplifier.	alpha, beta
The best way to evaluate a transistor for replacement is to determine its ____ value.	beta
In the normal operation of bipolar transistors, about ___ percent of the charge carriers pass through the base lead and about ___ percent pass through the collector lead.	2, 98
The sum of currents at any junction must be ___.	zero
In a bipolar transistor, the voltage of the ____ lead is considered to be 0 V with respect to the _____ lead and the _____ lead.	emitter, base, collector
Bipolar transistors are usually made from doped crystals of ______ and _____.	silicon, germanium
The ________ is the voltage applied to the base that will push a transistor into conduction.	base bias voltage
Thermal runaway is prevented by connecting a resistor to the ______ lead.	emitter
If the base voltage on an NPN transistor becomes more positive than the collector volt age, the transistor will be _____.	destroyed
The opposition that a capacitor offers to the flow of AC current is called __________.	capacitive reactance

A _____ is a three-terminal, solid-state semiconductor that's used to control the flow of electrons in a circuit.

transistor

The word "transistor" is a shortened form of "____________", and this is a good description of what a transistor does in a circuit.

current-transferring resistor

A transistor is made from ____ layers of doped semiconductor crystals (usually silicon or germanium).

three

The three layers in a transistor can be arranged in either ___ formation or ___ formation.

NPN, PNP

An ___ transistor contains a thin layer of p-type material sandwiched between two N-type layers.

NPN

The ___ transistor contains a thin layer of N-type material sandwiched between two P-type layers.

PNP

The piece of material/crystal that's grown to make a transistor is called an ____.

ingot

The two end sections of a transistor are called the _____ and the _____. The center section is called the _____.

collector, emitter, base

Because transistors have three sections, they have two PN junctions. This is called a _____ transistor.

bipolar

The junction between the emitter and base is called the ________ junction (____ junction).

emitter-base, E-B

The junction between the base and collector is called the ________ junction (___ junction).

base-collector, B-C

N-type (negative) materials contain excess ____, and P-type (positive) materials contain excess ____.

electrons, holes

Applying the needed DC potentials to the electrodes of a transistor in order to "push" the transistor into conduction is called _____.

biasing

In order to get a bipolar transistor into operation, a _____ must be applied to both the base and collector.

voltage

Because a small change in the base current produces a large change in collector current, bipolar transistors can _____ (increase) signals.

amplify

Changes in base and collector current are the basic principle behind transistor amplifier operation.

no answer, just remember dis

In a bipolar transistor, the amount of signal amplification can be altered by controlling the amount of _______ (voltage) into the base.

electron flow

The control of the amount of current or voltage that enters the base is called _____.

biasing

The ______ voltage is the voltage applied to the base that will push the transistor into conduction.

base voltage

The _______ current is the current applied to the base that will determine the collector current.

base bias

The _____ of a transistor is the point at which the transistor starts to conduct.

bias point

When no voltage at all is connected to the base, the base bias is ____.

zero aka "zero base bias"

If you continue raising the base current, a point will be reached where the collector current levels off. This is called the _____ point. (the transistor is conducting as much as it can)

saturation

When too much current is delivered to a transistor, it is said to be operating in _______. This causes inefficiency in a circuit, and the transistor could be destroyed.

overdrive

When only a DC signal is connected to a transistor, it's said to be in the _____ mode of operation.

static

When only an AC signal is connected to a transistor, it's said to be in the _____ mode of operation.

dynamic

__________ biasing is one method used to obtain a base bias voltage in a transistor.

power supply

________ biasing is the most common method of biasing used in transistor circuits.

voltage divider

When a transistor is voltage divider biased, there's an additional resistor that's called an _________ resistor. This resistor helps prevent thermal runaway.

emitter stabilization (aka temperature stabilization)

________ is an upward spiral of increasing heat and current in a transistor.

Thermal runaway

______ operation is a transistor biased so that only half of the input waveform gets reproduced.

Class-B

In an ___________ (___) circuit, a radio signal is delivered to an amplifier. The output of that amplifier goes to several additional amplifiers. At some point in the receiver, part of the signal gets rectified into DC voltage. This voltage is then fed back into the first amplifier and used for biasing. This circuit prevent changes in the strength of the radio input signal changing the volume of the output signal.

automatic volume control (AVC)

If the bias voltage is increased above the requirement for maximum, the gain decreases. This is called _____ AVC.

forward

If the bias voltage is decreased below the requirement for maximum, the gain is decreased. This is called _____ AVC.

reverse

In a _____ amplifier, the positive and negative swings of the output current are amplified equally.

linear

In a _____ amplifier, certain portions of the output current are more amplified than others.

nonlinear

_____ reactance is is reactance due to the presence of capacitance in an AC circuit.

Capacitive

_____ reactance is the part of the reactance of an AC circuit that's due to inductance.

Inductive

When both reactances and resistances are present in an AC circuit, the total opposition to the flow of AC current is called _____.

impedance

_____ is represented by the symbol Z and is measured in ohms.

Impedance

When the values of internal impedance and the external impedance are equal, and at the same time, the external reactance is equal to the internal reactance. This is a special situation called _____.

resonance

Resonance is also called _________.

impedance match

_____ impedance is the amount of impedance you would measure at the output terminals.

Output

_____ impedance is the amount of impedance that you would measure at the input terminals.

Input

The term ____ refers to an amplifier's ability to increase the amplitude of a weak signal.

gain

In a transistor, the _____ terminal is the third connection and is common to both the input and output terminals.

common

There's 3 possible configurations for an NPN amplifier circuit: _________ amplifiers, ________ amplifiers, and ________ amplifiers.

common-emitter, common-collector, common-base

The behavior of any amplifier depends directly on which terminal is used as the _____ connection.

common

The _______ amplifier is the most commonly used configuration. The input signal is delivered to the base, and the output signal is taken from the collector.

common-emitter

In a ________ amplifier configuration, the input signal is delivered to the base and the output signal is taken from the emitter.

common-collector (aka emitter follower)

In a ________ amplifier configuration, the input signal is delivered to the emitter and the output signal is taken from the collector.

common-base

A transistor's _____ are fixed specifications that tell you what the transistor is capable of doing.

parameters

A transistors current gain is indicated by two related specifications: ____ and ____. These two values can tell you how well a bipolar transistor performs as an amplifier.

alpha, beta

The best way to evaluate a transistor for replacement is to determine its ____ value.

beta

In the normal operation of bipolar transistors, about ___ percent of the charge carriers pass through the base lead and about ___ percent pass through the collector lead.

2, 98

The sum of currents at any junction must be ___.

zero

In a bipolar transistor, the voltage of the ____ lead is considered to be 0 V with respect to the _____ lead and the _____ lead.

emitter, base, collector

Bipolar transistors are usually made from doped crystals of ______ and _____.

silicon, germanium

The ________ is the voltage applied to the base that will push a transistor into conduction.

base bias voltage

Thermal runaway is prevented by connecting a resistor to the ______ lead.

emitter

If the base voltage on an NPN transistor becomes more positive than the collector volt age, the transistor will be _____.

destroyed

The opposition that a capacitor offers to the flow of AC current is called __________.

capacitive reactance

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Bipolar Transistors (Mod. 4 Sect. 3 Part 1)

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