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FlashCards por Ellie Walsh, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Ellie Walsh
aproximadamente 9 anos atrás
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| Questão | Responda |
| What do monomers join together to make? | Polymers |
| Give 4 examples of polymers within the body? | DNA, proteins, fats and carbohydrates. |
| What reaction occurs when monomers make polymers? | Condensation Reaction |
| What reaction occurs when polymers break down into monomers? | Hydrolysis |
| Does a condensation reaction use water or form it? | forms water |
| Does a hydrolysis reaction use or form water? | uses water |
| When monomers join to make polymers it is a ____ _____. | Condensation Reaction |
| When polymers break down into monomers it is called a _____ _____. | Hydrolysis Reaction |
| Give an example of a condensation reaction within the body? | When amino acids join to make protein. |
| What is a polymer? | A polymer is a large molecule made up of smaller molecules called monomers. |
| Give an example of a biologically important polymer other than starch or protein? | DNA |
| What are the monomers that form Nucleic Acids called? | Nucleotides |
| What are nucleic acids? | DNA |
| What chemical reaction forms amino acids from protein? | Hydrolysis |
| Monosaccharides are the monomers of what? | larger carbohydrates |
| Name the 3 most common monosaccharides? | Glucose, Galactose and Fructose |
| What are monosaccharides? | single sugars |
| What are Disaccharides? | Double Sugars |
| What are Polysaccharides? | Many sugars |
| What is a hexose sugar? | A sugar with 6 carbons. |
| Give three examples of hexose sugars? | glucose, galactose and fructose |
| Glucose has two isomers. What are isomers? | Different versions of the same chemical |
| There are two versions of glucose what are they? | Alpha and Beta SEE DIAGRAM 3.1.2 |
| What is a glycosidic bond? | a bond between two sugars it is formed from a condensation reaction. |
| What does OIL RIG stand for? | Oxidation is loss (of electrons) Reduction is gain (of electrons) |
| Reducing sugars ___ electrons. Non-Reducing sugars don't. | gain |
| A reducing sugar can cause another chemical to gain an electron. True or False? | True |
| What is used to test for reducing sugar? | Benedict's Reagent |
| Benedict's Reagent contains copper (II) which is ___ when it is reduced by sugar it turns to copper (I) which is ___. | blue red |
| How do you test whether a substance is a reducing sugar? | Add it into the same amount of Benedict's reagent and leave in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes. if it turns red then it is a reducing sugar if it stays blue then it is not. |
| what is deoxyribonucleic acid? | DNA |
| what is ribonucleic acid? | RNA |
| what does DNA hold? | genetic infomation |
| what does RNA do? | transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes |
| what are ribosomes formed from? | RNA and proteins |
| both DNA and RNA are polymers of ....... | nucleotides |
| what is each nucleotide formed from? | a pentose, a nitrogen containing organic base and a phosphate group. |
| what are the components of a DNA nucleotide? | deoxyribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine. |
| what are the components of a RNA nucleotide? | ribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil. |
| what does a condensation reaction between two nucleotides form? | a phosphodiester bond |
| what is a DNA molecule? | a double helix with two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs. |
| An RNA molecule is a relatively ____ polynucleotide chain. | short |
| Why is DNA analysis important? | Family History. Cloning. Diagnose health issues or hereditary diseases. Forensic evidence. Classification of living organisms, in particular micro-organisms. |
| What is a pentose sugar? | A sugar with 5 carbons |
| Two mononucleotides can join as a result of a condensation reaction between which two things? | deoxyribose sugar of one mononucleotide and the phosphate of another. |
| If two mononucleotides join together with a phosphodiester bond what is there new name? | A dinucleotide |
| if more than two mononucleotides were to join together, what would it be called then? | a polynucleotide. also known as a sugar phosphate backbone. |
| what is the main difference between DNA and RNA? | DNA has two strands while RNA only has one. |
| IN DNA : Adenine and Thymine join together with two hydrogen bonds. How many hydrogen bonds join Cytosine and Guanine? | Three |
| If the DNA contains more Cytosine and Guanine what would this mean? | That it would be stronger as they have three hydrogen bonds joining them. |
| The two polynucleotide strands are anti-parallel (they run in opposite directions). How do they form a double helix? | They twist together to form a double helix |
| Why is DNA a stable molecule? | because the phosphodiester backbone protects the more chemically reactive bases inside the double helix. |
| Hydrogen bonds form bridges between the _______ ______. | Phosphodiester Uprights |
| As there are three hydrogen bonds between C and G pairings, a higher proportion of C and G pairings will give more _____ to the DNA molecule. | stability |
| What does the structure of DNA allow? | it allows it to replicate and also to be transcribed into mRNA |
| Are the bases the same in RNA and DNA? | both RNA and DNA have bases A, C and G however in RNA, Adenine pairs with Uracil rather than with Thymine. |
| What is the function of RNA? | Transfers the information from DNA to the ribosomes and these then assemble the amino acids into a polypeptide chain |
| What is a polypeptide chain ? | a long chain of proteins (many proteins) |
| DNA is the carrier of what code? | the genetic code |
| DNA is ____. RNA is ____. | Long Short |
| What is the test for a non reducing sugar? | add the substance to Benedict's solution, heat in a water bath, then add dilute acid to the substance that didn't turn red, then add sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralize, heat again and if it turns red/brown a non reducing sugar is present. |
| what does water do in a hydrolysis reaction? | causes the split of polymers |
| what is the most common type of bonding in monosaccharides? | covalent |
| all monosaccharides are reducing sugars true or false? | true |
| The disaccharide SUCROSE is made from the monosaccharides _____ and _____. | Glucose and Fructose |
| The disaccharide LACTOSE is made from the monosaccharides ______ and ______. | Glucose and Galactose |
| Glucose and Glucose are monosaccharides of which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| What type of organism makes starch? | Plants |
| What type of organism makes glycogen? | Animals |
| Where is glycogen found? | liver |
| What is the purpose of starch and glycogen in organisms? | To store excess glucose |
| Where is cellulose found and what is its job? | it is found in plant cell walls and its job is too support the cell wall. |
| What solution tests for starch? | iodine |
| Glycogen is known as animal starch but what does that mean? | that it does the same job as starch but in animals |
| What are the following things used for in plants? ALPHA GLUCOSE STARCH CELLULOSE BETA GLUCOSE | USED TO MAKE STARCH STORAGE SUGAR CELL WALLS MAKES CELLULOSE |
| Starch, cellulose and ____ are polysaccharides. | Glycogen |
| Alpha glucose is a monosaccharide found in _____. | Starch |
| Cellulose has a ____ function. | structual |
| all polysaccharides can be hydrolysed. give 3 examples? | Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen |
| Alpha and Beta Glucose can easily move in and out of cells by diffusion, why? | because they are small |
| State two ways in which the structure of cellulose is different to the structure of starch? | Starch has more side branches therefore is more rigid. Starch contains Alpha Glucose while Cellulose contains Beta Glucose. |
| When a nucleotide is made what takes place? | A condensation reaction |
| what does 3' and 5' tell you? | the direction of the strand |
| if the strand starts as 3' what does it end as? | 5' |
| why does DNA copy itself before cell division? | so that each new cell has the full amount of DNA |
| what is nuclear division? | it is the process by which the nucleus divides - mitosis and meiosis. |
| cytokinesis follows nuclear division what is this? | when the whole cell divides. |
| what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? | mitosis makes 2 identical cells and meiosis makes 4 mixed cells |
| what does the enzyme DNA helicase do? | breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases on the two polynucleotide DNA strands. This makes the helix unwind to form two single strands. |
| DNA is copied by semi-conservative replication of DNA. What is meant by this? | One strand is original and acts as a template for the newly formed strand. |
| Name the two enzymes involved in DNA replication? | DNA helicase and DNA polymerase |
| Briefly explain the semi conservative replication of DNA? | DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds forming a replication fork. Free nucleotides are attracted to their complementary bases. Once the nucleotides are lined up, they are joined together by the enzyme DNA polymerase. Finally all the nucleotides are joined to form a complete polynucleotide chain, the two chains are identical. |
| What does DNA polymerase do? | Joins the complementary bases together using hydrogen bonds. |
| what was DNA Helicase do? | Breaks the hydrogen bonds and unzips the DNA. |
| What word can be used to describe a mixture of oil and water, that has been shaken together to form tiny droplets? | Emulsion |
| what type of substance could we add to stop the oil and water separating into layers? | emulsifier |
| what word can be used to describe the molecules in vegetable oil that have carbon-carbon double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain? | unsaturated |
| what word describes a molecule without double bonds? | saturated |
| by what process can an oil be hardened to produce a solid fat at room temperature? | hydrogenation |
| what are lipids (fats and oils) digested into by the enzyme lipase? | fatty acids and glycerol |
| saturated means full. what type of fat is saturated? | solid |
| unsaturated fats are normally liquids, what do they contain? | double bonds and missing hydrogens |
| What does hydrogenation mean? | adding hydrogen to make a liquid fat into a solid one |
| What are the 4 roles of lipids? | Energy - a long term store of energy. Water Proofing - helps to prevent water loss. Insulation - nerve cells wrapped in fat, keeps the body warm. Protection - organs covered in fat. |
| why is a triglyceride called a triglyceride? | because there are three fatty acids |
| How many condensation reactions take place to form a triglyceride? | 3 take place because 3 fatty acids have to join to glycerol |
| what is the main difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? | unsaturated have double bonds |
| Triglyceride are made of 4 molecules, if to be hydrolysed how many molecules would be made? | 4 |
| why is a triglyceride not a polymer? | because it can't go on or repeat, it is a simple molecule. once its made its made |
| in a triglyceride the glycerol is joined to the fatty acids using which type of bonds? | ester bonds |
| why is a triglyceride insoluble in water? | because the fatty acid chains are hydrophobic |
| Phospholipids are similar to lipids except that one of the fatty acid molecules is replaced by a _____ ______. | Phosphate Molecule |
| fats and oils make up a group of lipids called _____ which, when hydrolysed, form ____ and fatty acids. A fatty acid with more than one carbon-carbon double bond is described as _____. In a phospholipid the number of fatty acids is ____ ____ ___ ___. These are described as _____ because they repel water. | triglycerides glycerol polyunsaturated two rather than three hydrophobic |
| What is the test for protein called? | Biuret test |
| what is the test for lipids called? | emulsions test |
| If the food sample goes purple when biuret reagent is added to it, what is present? | protein |
| what happens when ethanol and water is added to oil? | it forms a cloudy layer |
| what are the monomers of triglyceride? | fatty acids and glycerol |
| what are the monomers of phospholipids? | glycerol, fatty acids and a phosphate group |
| how are triglycerides formed? | condensation reaction between alcohol and acid. |
| how does the structure of a TRIGLYCERIDE relate to its function? | lots of energy from carbon and hydrogen bonds. insoluble in water from hydrophilic chains. fats are conductors of heat. Fat is stored around the organs. |
| How does the structure of PHOSPHOLIPID relate to its function? | Phospholipids consist of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. phospholipids line up and arrange themselves into two parallel layers called phospholipid bilayer. This layer makes up your cell membranes and is critical to a cells ability to function. |
| Method of the biuret test? | Place the food sample in a test tube. add biuret reagent A and B into the same tube. shake and observe the colour change. if purple it contains protein. |
| method of the emulsions test? | put some oil in a test tube. add ethanol then water shake and observe if cloudy and layered a lipid is present. |
| insulin is a protein but what does it do? | it is a hormone that controls blood sugar levels. |
| Enzymes are a protein but what type? | a biological catalyst |
| collagen is a protein but what kind? | a structural protein |
| antibodies are a protein but what do they do? | binds to antigens. (lock and key) |
| what is the protein called that connects to oxygen to transport it around the body? | haemoglobin |
| brief description of a structural protein? | body tissue, such as muscle, skin, ligaments and hair. |
| brief description of catalytic protein? | catalyzing biochemical reactions. |
| brief description of signaling proteins? | many hormones and receptors are proteins. |
| brief description of immunological protein? | All antibodies are proteins. |
| all amino acids have the same structure true or false? | true |
| what does an amino acid contain? | an amino group. an R group. an carboxylic acid. |
| The r group can change into a possible....... | 20 different things |
| what happens if a weak alkali goes near an acid? | it neutralizes, a condensation reaction happens. |
| the condensation reaction that happens in proteins are called? | peptide bonds |
| what is formed when more amino acids are added to a dipeptide? | a polypeptide chain |
| what is a primary polypeptide? | when amino acids are covalently bonded together. |
| what are the four levels of structure in a protein? | primary. secondary. tertiary. quarternary. |
| if a chain has less than 3 amino acids what is it called? | dipeptide |
| what is a chain with 3-100 amino acids called? | polypeptide |
| what is a chain called with 100+ amino acids? | protein |
| secondary polypeptides contain peptide bonds aswell as ______ bonds. Alpha helix and ____ pleated sheets are also held together by hydrogen bonds therefore are examples of secondary polypeptides. | Hydrogen. Beta. |
| what bonds are present in a tertiory protein? | peptide, hydrogen, ionic bonding and disulphide bridge. |
| what is tertiory protein made up of? | alpha helix and beta sheets. extra bonds from the R group. |
| what is the structure of a quarternary protein? | just 4 tertiory proteins stuck together. e.g. haemoglobin they also contain haem groups. |
| hydrogen bonds are involved in .............. | all levels of structure. |
| hydrophobic interactions between ........ | non-polar sections of the protein. |
| disulfide bonds are ............ | one of the strongest and most important types of bonds in protein. occur between two cysteine amino acids as these contain sulfur. |
| how would you use a biochemical test to show that a solution contained protein? | add biuret to food if it goes purple then there is protein. |
| what does hydroxylating mean? | adding an OH group |
| how do they know that dna replication is semi conservative? | because the bacteria stayed in the middle rather than staying separate at either end of the tube. |
| what does ATP stand for? | adenosine triphosphate |
| State the 8 different forms energy comes in? | light. heat. sound. electrical. magnetic. mechanical. chemical. atomic. |
| what two things can't happen to energy? | it can't be changed from one form to another and it can't be created or destroyed. |
| what is energy measured in? | Joules |
| What is the ultimate source of energy? | the sun |
| how many phosphate groups does ATP have? | 3 |
| In ATP the bonds are unstable what does this mean? | that there is low activation energy meaning they are easily broken which releases a lot of energy. |
| what is removed from living cells? | terminal phosphate |
| what is the equation for converting ATP to ADP? | ATP+(H2O) ---> ADP + Pi + E |
| why is converting ATP to ADP known as a hydrolysis reaction? | Because water is added. |
| The conversion of ATP to ADP is a _____ reaction. Energy can be used to add an _______ _______ to ADP to reform ATP. Water is removed in this process and the reaction is known as a _______ reaction. | Reversible. Inorganic Phosphate. Condensation. |
| what does an ATP molecule contain? | 3 phosphate groups. Base adenine. sugar ribose. |
| What type of molecule is ATP? | A nucleotide |
| Does ADP have more or less phosphate groups than ATP? | Less. ADP only has 2 phosphate groups while ATP has 3. |
| What does phosphorylation mean? | to add a phosphate group. e.g. sythesis of ATP from ADP. |
| Photophosphorylation which takes place in ____ containing plant cells during ______. Light energy is used during photosynthesis to synthesise (make) ____. | Chlorophyll. Photosynthesis. ATP. |
| Oxidative phosphorylation also synthesises ATP, it occurs in the _____ of plant and _____ cells during the process of _____ transport. | mitochondria. animal. electron. |
| Another way of synthesising ATP is substrate-level phosphorylation. Which occurs in ___ and ____ cells when phosphate groups are _____ from donor molecules to ADP to make ATP. | plant. animal. transferred. |
| In photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is ____ using energy released during the ____ of electrons along a chain of electron ____ _____ in either the chloroplasts or ______. | Synthesised. Transfer. Carrier Molecules. Mitochondria. |
| ATP is an immidate energy source for a cell meaning it cannot be .......... | Stored |
| Where is long term energy stored? | fats and carbs. |
| ATP is continually made in the mitochondria of cells such as ..................... | muscle fibres and epithelium |
| Why is ATP a better energy source than Glucose? | Because it releases less energy in smaller amounts so its more manageable. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction (immediate energy) whereas the breakdown of glucose is a long series of reactions which takes much longer. |
| Many reactions require an initial amount of energy to start. The minimum amount of energy needed to activate the reaction in this way is called the....... | activation energy. |
| if a molecule fits into an enzymes active site it has a ______ shape. | complementary |
| What is the induced fit idea? | the idea that the substrate and enzyme are almost the same shape but the active site moves slightly to accommodate this. |
| Why is the induced fit idea better than the lock and key idea? | Because the lock and key states that the enzyme is a specific shape and so is the substrate that it is joining with however the induced fit suggests that the enzymes active site and the substrate are almost the same but not enough for them to join straight away the enzyme has to mould to fit the substrate. As the enzyme changes shape it weakens the bonds in the substrate. other molecules can join into a site that isn't the active site however this changes the shape of the active site showing it is not a rigid structure. |
| As the temperature increases the particles gain more ____ energy and move _____. | kinetic faster |
| If there are more collisions between enzymes and substrates what happens? | products form faster increasing the rate of reaction. |
| The optimum temperature varies for different enzymes and different organisms however what is the optimum temperature for human enzymes? | around 40 |
| when enzymes are above their optimum temperature what happens? | the enzyme denatures. the hydrogen bonds holding the tertiary structure break. the active site changes shape. substrate no longer fits, enzyme-substrate complexes cannot form, rate of reaction drops. |
| how do you calculate pH? | put the hydrogen concentration into the calculator press the log button and ignore the minus. |
| Enzymes operate within a narrow pH band, what happens if the pH changes from the optimum concentration? | it can affect the hydrogen bonding within the tertiary structure of the enzyme molecule. if the tertiary structure changes substrates are no longer complementary. |
| 80% of a cells content is......... | Water |
| 4 properties of water? | Water is a metabolite in lots of important metabolic reactions. Water is a solvent, which means some substances dissolve in it. Water helps with temperature control because it has a high latent heat of vaporisation and a high specific heat capacity. Water molecules are very cohesive (they stick together) which helps water transport in plants. |
| Water has a high specific heat capacity meaning what? | that a lot of energy is needed to break the bonds. |
| What does high latent heat of vaporisation mean? | Hydrogen bonds between water molecules means that it requires a lot of energy to evaporate 1 gram of water. |
| cohesion is the tendency of molecules to stick together. how does this help water transfer in plants? | Water can be pulled up through the xylem. |
| Water in metabolism. Which two reactions is it involved in? | Hydrolysis and Condensation. |
| water as a solvent - dissolves which 6 substances? | oxygen. co2. ammonia. urea. inorganic ions. small hydrophillic molecules such as amino acids, monosaccharides and ATP. |
| Water is a temperature control as it....... | evaporates and cools organisms |
| water is not easily compressed therefore provides ____. | support |
| how does water being transparent help plants? | so aquatic plants can photosynthesise. |
| An ion with a positive charge is called a ____. An ion with a negative charge is called a ____. | Cation. Anion. |
| An inorganic ion is one which does not contain ____. | Carbon. |
| which two places are inorganic ions found? | in solution in the cytoplasm of cells and in the body fluids of organisms. |
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