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| Questão | Responda |
| Carbohydrates | Primary source of energy for cells (CH2O)n Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharides | Glucose Fructose Galactose Ribose Deoxyribose |
| Lipids | Non-polar molecules Can be Amphipathic Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids |
| Triglycerides | Backbone – Glycerol molecule Three chains of Fatty Acids |
| Phospholipids | Amphipathic Head – Polar – Hydrophilic Tail – Non-polar – Hydrophobic Form biological membranes |
| Steriods | Ring Compounds Cholesterol Some function as Hormones: Testosterone Estradiol Cortisol |
| Proteins | Polymers of Amino Acids Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary Can be Fibrous or Globular |
| Nucleotides | Used in Transfer of Energy with cells Form Genetic Material Components 5-Carbon Sugar+Phosphate Group+Nitrogenous Base |
| Nucleic Acids | Function in storage and expression of genetic information Polymers of Nucleotides DNA RNA |
| Plasma Membrane | Separates cell from interstitial fluid Fluid Mosaic Model: contains free floating fluid phospholipids, cholesterol, mosaic proteins and carbohydrates. |
| Nucleus | Membrane-bound structure that contains genetic information |
| Cytoplasm | Everything inside cell except nucleus. Cytosol = intracellular fluid Organelles = carry out specific functions – can be Membranous or Nonmembranous |
| THE PLASMA MEMBRANE | |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | Hydrophilic heads facing aqueous Hydrophobic tails facing each other Basic structure of membrane Fluid part of membrane Barrier to large polar molecules |
| Cholesterol in the Plasma Membrane | Found in lipid bilayer Prevents hydrophobic interactions Decreases fluidity/increases stability Decreases movement of water |
| Membrane Proteins | Integral Proteins: Embedded within bilayer, some are Transmembrane – Channels and Carrier Proteins Peripheral Proteins: Bound loosely, Most on cytosolic surface Function with Cytoskeleton |
| Membrane Carbohydrates | Bound to Lipid or Proteins Found on Extracellular Surface Glycocalyx – holds cells together Also functions in cell recognition |
| Nucleus | Contains genetic material Surrounded by Double-layered Nuclear Envelope Two membranes Nuclear Pores allow movement between nucleus and cytoplasm Nucleolus – synthesis of rRNA |
| Cytosol | Fluid that bathes Organelles Site of chemical reactions Storage sites: Inclusions, Secretory Vesicles |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Rough ER – has ribosomes = Protein synthesis Smooth ER – Lipid synthesis and calcium storage |
| Golgi Apparatus | Flattened sacs – Cisternae Processes and packages molecules |
| Lysosomes | Contain enzymes Function to degrade debris, recycle old organelles Engulf debris by endocytosis |
| Peroxisomes | Also degrade materials Produce Hydrogen Peroxide Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen |
| Ribosomes | Ribosomal RNA and protein Function in Protein Synthesis Large and Small subunits |
| Mitochondria | Bound by two membranes. Outer Membrane separates mitochondria from cytosol. Inner Membrane divides mitochondria into Compartments a. Intermembrane Space b. Mitochondrial Matrix Inner Membrane houses Electron Transport Chain and is folded into Tubules called Cristae |
| Centrioles | Short, cylindrical structures consisting of bundles of protein filaments Function during cell division – form mitotic spindles |
| Cytoskeleton | Gives cell support and structure Functions in transport and movement Includes: microfilaments (smallest), microtubles (largest), & intermediate filaments. |
| Tight Junctions | Seen in Epithelial Tissues Cells are fused via Integral Membrane Proteins called Occludins Impermeable Barrier |
| Desmosomes | Found in areas subject to Mechanical Stress Filamentous Junction Includes a Plaque that is formed by Glycoproteins Cadherins – protein filaments that extend from Plaque and link cells together |
| Gap Junctions | Seen in smooth and cardiac muscle Cells connected by membrane proteins called Connexins Connexins form Channels called Connexons that allow ions and small molecules to move between cells Makes cells Electrically-coupled |
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