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FlashCards por Holly Edwards, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Holly Edwards
quase 3 anos atrás
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| Questão | Responda |
| FLUTD | feline lower urinary tract disease |
| NDR | Not doing right |
| NAD / NAF | Nothing abnormal found |
| PRN | give as needed |
| UA | Urinalysis |
| QH | every hour |
| QD | every day |
| HS | at bed time |
| pale MM indicates... | Circulatory collapse, haemorrhage, anaemia (low blood cells). |
| blue/purple MM indicates... | cyanosis - lack of oxygen |
| yellow MM indicates... | jaundice, e.g. due to liver disease, bile flow obstruction, increased destruction of RBCs and circulating bilirubin |
| brown MM indicates... | paracetamol poisoning |
| cherry-red MM indicates... | carbon monoxide poisoning |
| petechiae/round purple spots on MM indicates... | clotting disorder e.g. due to rodenticide poisoning |
| prolonged CRT could be due to... (4 answers) | hypovolaemia, dehydration, heart disease and shock |
| rapid CRT could be due to... (2 answers) | sepsis and fever |
| dog pulse rate | 60-180bpm depending on size |
| cat pulse rate | 110-180bpm |
| rabbit pulse rate | 130-325bpm |
| guinea pig pulse rate | 250bpm |
| Auscultation | listening for sounds in the heart, lungs, and abdomen. stethoscope used |
| Sinus arrhythmia | Pulse increases on inspiration and decreases on expiration (normal) |
| Pulse deficit | pulse rate lower than heart rate (caused by dysrhthymia) |
| dog resp rate | 10-30 bpm |
| cat resp rate | 20-30 bpm |
| rabbit resp rate | 30-60 bpm |
| guinea pig resp rate | 40-150 bmp |
| Dyspnoea | difficulty breathing |
| Expiratory Dyspnoea | Difficulty breathing out - (Bronchitis, collapsing trachea) |
| Inspiratory Dyspnoea | Difficulty breathing in - (Respiratory obstruction, soft palate, laryngeal paralysis) |
| Apnoea | cessation of breathing - tracheal blockage, respiratory failure, death |
| Cheyne-Stokes | Alternating periods of deep, rapid and shallow breathing - (death imminent) |
| Thoraco-abdominal respiration | Breathing using muscles of thorax and abdomen - (pain, ruptured diaphragm) |
| Air hunger/ agonal respiration | Gasping mouth breathing, head extended in an attempt to increase oxygen intake - (Severe respiratory distress). |
| cat temperature | 38 - 38.5 |
| dog temperature | 38.3 - 38.7 |
| rabbit temperature | 38.5 - 40 (higher than dogs n cats) |
| guinea pig temperature | 39 - 40 |
| Diphasic | Fluctuating temperature - (viral infection). |
| when assessing mentation, what does 'Alert collapsed' mean... | normal mentation |
| when assessing mentation, what does 'Depressed collapsed' mean... | will respond to stimuli |
| when assessing mentation, what does 'Obtunded collapsed' mean... | decreased level consciousness, will only respond to painful stimulus. |
| when assessing mentation, what does 'Unconscious' mean... | collapsed and does not respond to stimuli but has palpable pulse and heart rate. |
| Shock is... | a state of acute circulatory collapse where the circulation is unable to transport sufficient oxygen to meet demands. Has significant effect on all organs – especially brain, heart and kidneys and may lead to organ failure and death. |
| signs of shock (multiple) | Heart rate – tachycardia, slow CRT, pale mm, poor pulse quality, hypotension Resp rate – tachypnoea Urine output – slow or stop urine production |
| signs of pain (multiple) | Vocalisation Submissive, depressed Reluctance to move Abnormal posture and movement Aggression Changes in urination/defecation Reduced appetite Self mutilation |
| Oliguria (urine) | Reduction in quantity of urine produced, could be due to dehydration, hypovolaemia and acute renal failure |
| Anuria (urine) | Complete cessation of urine production. Could be due to damaged urinary system, ruptured bladder, obstruction or acute renal failure. |
| Stranguria (urine) | passing of urine is painful |
| Dysuria | difficulty passing urine |
| Poikuria | irregular passing of urine |
| polyuria | +++ passing of urine |
| cloudy urine indicates presence of... | sediment (white/red blood cells or calculi) |
| dark/red-brown urine indicates presence of... | haemoglobin |
| strong brown/yellow urine indicates presence of... | bile pigments |
| Tenesmus | painful straining to pass faeces |
| Dyschezia | difficult and painful passage of faeces |
| Melaena | Dark, tarry faeces (blood loss in upper GIT) |
| Haematochezia | Production of fresh, bright red blood (blood loss in lower GIT) |
| Steatorrhoea | large volumes of pale, fatty faeces (pancreatic insufficiency). |
| Vomiting | Forceful evacuation of stomach contents through the mouth (active retching and abdominal contractions) – FBs, gastritis, poisons, systemic disease (acid pH due to stomach acid) |
| Regurgitation | Passive movement of food and or liquid back into the mouth with no warning-megaoesophagous (food did not reach the stomach – same pH as when it went in) |
| Haematemesis | bring up blood (haem n emesis) |
| 4 x macro nutrients | proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water - body needs relatively large quantities |
| 2 x micro nutrients | Minerals and vitamins, as the body needs only small (or trace) quantities |
| peptides | Two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| polypeptides | Many peptides joined together in a chain. (A protein is made from one or more polypeptides) |
| enzymes: trypsin and pepsin break down... | protein into amino acids so the body can absorb them |
| 4 x functions of protein | - Structural role in cell walls and muscle fibre - Tissue repair and growth - Regulation of metabolism (as enzymes and hormones) - A source of energy - especially in felines |
| why do cats have a higher protein requirement than dogs? | Cats do not use carbohydrate as significant energy source, so they get almost all their energy from protein Insufficient quantity of protein in the diet results in the break down of their own muscle protein. |
| Taurine deficiency results in | Central retinal degeneration leading to blindness Impaired immune function Reproductive failure and developmental abnormalities in kittens Has been linked to dilated cardiomyopathy. |
| __________ is an essential amino acid for cats as unlike other animals, cats are unable to synthesise sufficient quantities of this ______ _____ to meet their high requirements Taurine is only found in ______ protein sources so cats cannot be vegetarian- they are obligate carnivores | taurine amino acid animal |
| _____ deficiency: - Poor growth or weight loss - Poor coat and skin condition - Anorexia - Decreased resistance to disease. | protein |
| too much protein in the diet can result in... | being converted into fat (adipose tissue - fat tissue under the skin layer) |
| During digestion fats are broken down by an enzyme called ______ into individual fatty acids, which can be absorbed. | lipase |
| 4x functions of water (in the body) | - Regulates body temperature - Transports nutrients - Removes waste products from the body (in the form of urine) - Involved in chemical reactions and digestion. |
| ___-___% of the body is made up of water | 60-70% |
| what percentage of water loss will cause death? | only 15% ! |
| carbohydrates can be broken down by the enzyme ______ | amylase |
| the end product of carbohydrate digestion | glucose |
| the liver stores excess glucose in the form of... | glycogen |
| macro mineral examples (6) | Ca, K, Na, P, Cl, Mg |
| micro nutrient examples (4) | Fe, I, Zn, Cu |
| the metabolism of Ca and P is closed linked with Vitamin .... | D |
| Ca is important for (3) | -blood clotting -muscle contractions -nerve impulses |
| deficiencies in Ca and P can lead to... | skeletal deformities and rickets Excess can cause skeletal deformities. |
| fat-soluble vitamins (4) | A, D, E, K |
| water-soluble vitamins (2) | B, C ( ! - WBC - water biscuits cheese) |
| functions of vitamin A | - vision - maintenance of skin |
| functions of vitamin D |
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