History Midterm Notes

Questão	Responda
Maya	An early Mexican civilization that lived in south-eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, West Honduras and El Salvador. Between 1517-1519, there were 3 Spanish expeditions (reported thriving cities), they began to engage in Battles with the Mayan people. Between 1521-1546 a number of city-centers collapsed from Spanish conquests. Relations were bad because of Spanish demand for gold, people became displaced but no destroyed.
Aztec	Empire was at its height between 1486 and 1502. Spaniards led by Hernando Cortes landed at the Golf Coast in 1519. In 1521 the city was destroyed after a 2nd conflict.
Inca	Early Peruvian civilization, largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Spaniards landed in 1526 telling of wealth and land prospects. In 1529 Francisco Pizarro received royal approval to conquered and did so in 1572.
Cohakia/Mississippian People	Stretched across 2 states: Illinois/Mississippi? destroyed most likely from European disease but not sure exactly why. Population was already dwindling by 1400 because of environmental and internal conflicts.
Muslim Kingdom of Mali (1400)	In the 14th century was the biggest and most powerful state in the world. Also highly influential.
Worldview	An organized and accepted set of ideas within a particular population that attempts to explain the social, cultural, physical and psychological world.
Ethnocentricism	The idea that your ethnic group is the norm and all others are deviants
Early Modern People	First immigrations into continent across the bearing strait (land bridge) between 9000-7000 B.C.E.. This changed many lives.
Cultural Commonalities between Natives	1. Animism 2. Land as a common resources that can be claimed but never sold. 3. Matrilineal, non-hierarchical society, group mindset
Trinity	"3 sisters" Corn, Bean, Squash
Diseases Originating in the Americas	tuberculosis, syphilis isolated centres prevents diseases from spreading
Diseases from Europe	small pox, measles, influenza with more movement there is more chance for spreading
First Encounter Impact	Mutual Incomprehension More trade Religious Missions
West African Communities and Cultures	cultural/ethnic diversity between Africans lived in extended families, clans (patrilineal or matrilineal) farming done by both genders polygamy was accepted slavery existed
Populations in 1492	Africa: 50 million Europe: 70 million Americas: 50-90 million
15th Century Shifts	idea of continents move from local to transnational identities old world dreams compared to new world reality
Colonial Era	1608-1763
Chesapeake, Virginia	1500s: England looked toward this area, it was ignored by other Europeans because it lacked profitable opportunities. Men expected instant riches from ads in Britain but instead got hardship, disease, and war. It was a violent, individualistic society. Had exploitative land/labour (1st English colony to depend on slavery). High death rate and large social conflict to aristocratic elite. Only white males with property and in the religious majority have rights. Married woman have no legal existence. Non-elite white women were sometimes very valuable because less were brought as slaves so men had less partner choices. 6/1 ratio of men/women before 1660, 3/1 after 1660. Women typically older at marriage because they have to wait until their servitude is over leading to low fertility/ high mortality. Many orphans, widows, and step-families. By the end of the century had the youngest marriages of the colonies which increases death rate. Development of a sexual double standard from William Byrd's diaries that it was more acceptable for men to sleep around.
petit traison	if a woman killed her husband
Widow's Thirds	1/3 of Husband's estate was legally to be left to wife, he could choose to leave more.
Virginia "Old Dominion"	First colonial possession established in mainland British America. A number of influential founders came from here. Initially started out as a private trade colony. European's thought they were the only civil people, people who were defined as "civil" could treat those considered "not civil" in a more harsh way. In 1622, English exterminatory war (quick transition to a more brutal attitude).
4 Regional Cultures	Chesapeake, New England, Middle Colonies, Deep South
Roanoke, Virginia	Now current day Dare County, North Carolina. AKA the first deathtrap, or "The Lost Colony. In the 1580's Queen Elizabeth 1st put money into Sir Walter Raleigh's exploration to America, and granted him land in America south of the latitude of England. A group of men landed at Roanoke and were very to natives. All of these men vanished: died or taken into native tribes. In 1587, John White went to get support in England, he returned 3 years later to see that men have disappeared. Lack of decision making power, bad location. Last English effort to settle this coast for almost 2 decades. In 1619 V.A. company reorganized larger areas of land and promoted Americas to England where there are little options. Labourers included tenants, African labourers, and indentured servants.
Jamestown, Virginia	Founded June 22, 1607 with 120 men, by September 36 are dead, by January 1608 only 38 remain. Previously administered by Powhatan Confederacy, natives initially provide crucial provisions for colonists but relations soon soured.
Jamestown Settler Goals	1607: King James establishes the Virginia Company. Goal was money/piracy, religion (protestant), they hoped to find a way to trade through the continent (Northwest Passage).
Jamestown Living Conditions	Mortality rate was 75% or higher. Land was marshy and not good for farming. Living in tight quarters because they thought this was safer. Diseases such as dysentery (bloody flux), fever (typhoid), malaria (auge), scurvy swellings (salt poisoning - salt water). Water was healthy originally but built up of salt plug kept water salty and dirty (annual epidemic), made people lazy. Virginia sent 900 people between 1607-1610, only 60 lived. Repeated bouts of deadly illness during this time. Too concerned with wealth not sustainable living such as farming, no local leadership, all decision makers in England.
Maryland	Founded in 1632, but 1658 3% black.
South Carolina	State founded in 1670, first colony founded in this region, very influential, known for creating own ideas like, "Southern Nationalism." Characterized by racial violence and slavery. "Colony of a colony," most people here settled from West Indies. Located to provide food to West Indies, but land was poor like Chesapeake.
Charleston, South Carolina	Small number of elite rich people (still the same at time of American revolution), few indentured servants, decided early on that slavery would be main form of labour (consider chattel). Not an attractive place unless wealth. In the 18th century slaves increased (difficult early years, large demand for labour). 1708 slaves make up more than 50% of population (1/4 of slave population in Native)
South Carolina Cash Crops	Rice (1695): profitable, but labour intensive Indigo (1740s): both increased the demand for land and slaves. Led to expansion into native lands causing conflict.
South Carolina Slavery	Owners want to defend slavery. Slaves have malaria resistance (sickle cell anemia), which provides some protection against malaria despite the anemia (lack of red blood cells/haemoglobin) which was thought to make them better at rice farming. They thought farming was a "necessary evil," treated slaves so poorly they had to continue importing them because they couldn't reproduce as fast as they died. In the 1720's regions were 70% black, west African culture has a strong influence here because of large majority.
Georgia	State founded originally not to have slaves and to be a place of liberty for those less well off. Rejected slavery originally because it would damage white farmers there but by 1749, slavery comes in. Equal population of White and Black people.
Plymouth, Massachusetts	In 1620 it was founded by religious separatists (families of artisans, farmers) who were looking to create a sustainable community through subsistence farming. Great Migration began in 1629 with the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Declined after 1640 with not as many people coming over. Better survival rate here than in Southern Colonies
New England	"Puritan Society," from the beginning a near equal sex ratio. Eagerness to learn from natives and take lessons to become self sufficient. Still fighting terrible wars but slightly more interest here in learning. Already a long-settled area by natives. In the 17th century women married at 20 or 21 (younger than indentured servants - could bear more children, up to 7-8). Population of whites doubles every 2 years, natives diminish from disease and warfare. Living conditions here were better than the south, many lived past 70 low infant mortality, large number of children per family.
Tiquantum (Squanto)	Native man who had already been forced to go to Europe 5 years earlier (enslaved). Learned English here and was able to translate and help the Puritans. Allowed them to create a treaty which worked until colonists began to encroach on the natives land. Puritans did little to convert natives but instead saw them as a settling obstacle, thought any "unclaimed land" was theirs to take.
New England Religious Mission	Reform society and church. Purify the church from what the church of England had done. Thought England was corrupted. Wanted a church of "only believers," church members had to have a verified conversion experience to be welcome, very strict, and no separation of church and stae. Government made up only of male church members.
New England Communities	High literary rate (everyone reads to Bible), inclusive and united (tight-knit, collection of families), generations were often interdependent. Living alone made you suspect. Needed parental consent for marrying. The Plymouth colony decreed no one should live on their own.
Bundling	To see if there is any physical compatibility without having sex before marriage they spent the night together with a blanket between them.
Infant Depravity	Thought Humans were innately evil. Children were treated as adults to break to child's will and ensure salvation.
Puritan Experiment	They moved away from religious involvement and more toward merchant dominated government and become involved in more intensive trade. Individual wealth distribution (more evenly distributed, esp. in the beginning) towns here were planned unlike the South. Had a central town structure (farms on the perimeter), to keep an eye on each other. Eventually run out of land as population increase.
Elect Rule Society	Could establish churches and society but could not do whatever they want, or risk being banished. "Puritan freedom," is freedom within very strict limits.
Witchcraft	During this time everyone believed in witchcraft. Many were executed in 1640 by hanging, disparity between people and clergy's view of witch craft. Most thought there was good and bad magic but some thought all magic was bad. In 1692 a girl becomes possessed after looking at an egg to see the future. A number of witches accused of being in control (200 witched). Accused witches has to show knowledge of prayers. On Sept. 22 19 executed. In October Governor Phips said you cannot use spectral evidence which prohibited further arrests and released many witches. By May 1693 all were pardoned. Woman 80% of accused and over 90% of executive. Men were tried more favourably.
Middle Colonies	Established much later than other colones, notable for their "relative" ethnic and religious diveristy (fewer opportunities in the southern colonies), also have in general religious tolerance. Presence of Quakers, Mennonites, Lutherans, Dutch Calvinists and Presbyterians. Includes Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware.
Characteristics of Colonies	Average size of families is 6-7 members, small houses with little privacy, constant contact Multiple generations typically under the same roof.
Pennsylvania	Est. in 1682 by the Quakers (pacifists who believe that war and violence are unjustifiable). Best place for a poor man to make his fortune, easy for newcomers. People had freedom of worship and rarely came into conflict with each other. There was no established church or church courts and a separation of church and state. Religious liberty was deemed a civil right. Only acceptable to have kids within family structure. Family members represented by adult male relatives. Household is a site of production unless slaves are owned
Migrations to Pennsylvania	1693: Mennonites est. their community here and then spread to other colonies. Early 1700s: Amish came 1750s: Catholics and Jews came 1794: African Methodist Episcopal Church -serves as an example to the rest of the world that social stability does not entirely rest of religious uniformity.
Social Reproductive	Idea that social order grows out of household patterns, they are a source of social stability as this is where the child is mainly raised and educated.
Sir Walter Raleigh	(1580’s) Queen Elizabeth 1st put money into Sir Walter Raleigh’s exploration to America, granted him land of America south of latitude of England. Promoted tobacco as a medicinal/recreational drug.
John Rolfe (1585-1622)	Introduced tobacco in 1612 as a commercial crop to Virginia colonists. He brought a variety of the crop from the West Indies that was less harsh to smoke. It was plentiful and cheap, boomed in 1620's, married Pocohontas, travelled to England to promote Jamestown, Virginia.
Powhatans	Estimated that between 14-21,000 occupied eastern Virginia when English settled Jamestown. English thought they were using the land improperly but wouldn't have survived without their help. Referred to them as savages despite some winters succumbing to cannibalism. English do not realize that by taking food from them they are accepting leadership (conflict). Powhatan's thought English were a gift to them (at first) and that they could be integrated into their society.
Anthony Johnson	Achieved freedom in early 17th century Virginia and became one of the 1st black property and slave owner. He was married, and had 4 children. You could get 50 acres of land for each slave so he brought over 5. Fairly accepted in the community, different for many African's later on.
Anthony Johnson Lawsuit	John Casor claims that he kept him 7 years more than he should have, they let this trial go because of a lock of evidence. Then he later sues the neighbour who helped Casor (Parker) and wins.
African Slaves	"traditional slaves," before were enslaved because of war captures, indentured or owed work to masters -had rights that later U.S. slaves lacked, masters were obligated to oversee slaves religious well-being, and they had the right not to be sold away from birthplace. As economy grows the pressure for slaves increases as well.
Nathaniel Bacon	Virginia colonist and rebel, instigator of Bacon's Rebellion, sailed in exile to America and came to Virginia, bought 2 frontier plantations on the James River. Settled in Jamestown.
Anne Hutchinson	Claimed to have a revelation directly from god, (stepping out of place), said people did not need to go to church (questioning the minister’s sermons), started preaching from her own house, and a woman so she is not allowed to lead in ANY way - believed in a covenants of grace in which faith alone can bring you to salvation
George Madison 1763-1816	He was a member of the influential Madison family of Virginia. He served in three wars: The Revolutionary War, the Northwest Indian War and the War of 1812. He was a state auditor for 20 years. He marvelled at Pennsylvania's religious diversity.
Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826	American Founding Father, principal author of the Declaration of Independence and 3rd President of the US. Embraced the ideas of republicanism and individual rights.
John Adams 1735 - 1826	American lawyer, author, statesman, and diplomat. He served as the 2nd president of the US, and as a Founding Father in American Independence. He promoted republicanism and a strong central government as a political theorist in the Age of Enlightenment.
George Whitefield 1714 1770	English Anglican preacher who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and the American colonies. In 1740, Whitefield traveled to America where he preached the "Great Awakening." His message was classic Calvinism in a novel style presentation (very vivid). He was the best known preacher in North America during the 18th century. His following was in the 10s of thousands. He said he had, "no fixed congregation."
Tobacco	Dominated Virginia's economy for 3 centuries (1600-1900) which drastically changed the landscape. It exhausts the soil, and is very labour intensive (increased the demand for indentured servants and slaves). It was already being grown in Virginia by Natives when Jamestown was settled (migrated from Mexico with Natives). John Rolfe is credited for bring seeds from the West Indies to Virginia. It was plentiful and cheap, boomed in the 1620s.
Degrees of Freedom Deprivation	1. Debtors/Criminals 2. Dependents 3. Apprenticeship 4. Hereditary Serfdom 5. Natural Rights
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade	In 1500, 100,000 slaves are captured and moved to Spain/Portugal. In 1502, the slave trade officially begins. It is harder for slaves to acquire freedom, they have permanent status as a slave. People are seen as expendable commodities and are obtained through slave raiding.
Indentured Servants	White, europeans with very little prospects at home, sell their labour in exchange for passage across the Atlantic (4-6 years). New free men would receive 4 barrels of corn and a clean suit. Difficult to find opportunities once freedom is obtained.

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