mind and brain

Questão	Responda
what is substance dualism and what is a Substance	Substance: that which can exist on its own; Substance-dualism: there are two substances: [1] Res cogitans (the thinking substance); [2] Res extensa (the physical or extended substance); The most important proponent of this thesis was René Descartes
what was Descartes first and second method	Radical doubt: Mathematics as the prototype of science (a foundation to build on);/ never to accept anything as true if I did not have evident knowledge of its truth Clear & distinct insights: hose perceptions which are so self-evident that, while they are held in the mind, they cannot logically be doubted. (ex god exist and good./he does not decive me
what is the interaction problem	physical and nonphysical substances cannot interact in a causally significant wa
the 2 solutions to the interaction problem and its flaw	#1 God is the only true cause of things in the world. If I raise my arm then it is god that makes me do it. #2 If we have two clocks that run in sync, that is because they have been made that way; The same applies to the mind and the body. Flaw: how does god do this/ on problem replaces another
what is Behaviorism? Give and example	s a theory of learning that states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning. Thus, behavior is simply a response to environmental stimuli. .1. (Out of Albert’s sight) you hit on metal to scare him; 2. You show him an animal (a rat), and he’s not afraid of it; 3. Then you show the animal while hitting on the metal; 4. Now Albert is afraid of the animal (even without adding the noise)
What is a category mistake and give and example	the error of assigning to something a quality or action which can only properly be assigned to things of another category, If you show someone the university, you will show him the library, the lecture halls, etc.; If someone then asks: “Where is the university?” he did not understand that the university is no entity separate from all that;
who were the logical positivists and what did they believe	Logical Positivists wanted to distinguish between meaningful & meaningless statements / scientific & unscientific statements; they were empiricsts from vienna
What are the 3 problems with behaviorism	Problem #1 Ryle's own problem challenges this view by asking what the mind or "thinker" is actually doing when they think. Ryle argues that the traditional view of the mind is based on a category mistake, or the confusion of two different categories of things. Problem # 2: It is practically impossible to define all the dispositions, the description will be too long and even if it is very long it will probably leave dispositions out (hence it is not equivalent in meaning); IE cannot reduce a statement because there will always be more step that you can reduce them to Problem # 3: A toothache hurts; the hurt is left out, but that is what it is all about (hence it is not equivalent in meaning). it does not take the mind seriously
What is materialism	res extensa is the only substance there is Materialism is a philosophical view that holds that the physical world is the only reality and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena, can be explained in terms of physical processes. According to materialism, everything that exists can be reduced to or explained by physical entities, such as atoms and molecules, and physical laws.
what is a contingent truth and give an example	‘If something is contingently true, one could deny it without the denial resulting in a contradiction.’ It is somethin that is consider to be truth that is not a necessary truth: for all we know it could have been otherwise; An example of a contingent truth is the statement "It is raining outside." This statement is true if and only if it is actually raining outside. If it is not raining, then the statement is false. Therefore, the truth of the statement is contingent upon the weather conditions at the time.
What is MBIT ignor uniti find out	reductive materialism; all metal states are identical to certain brain states This is reduction of mental states to (certain) brain states; Hence, if those brain states are real, mental states are real;
what is multi realizability and how doe it work against MBIT. EXAMPLE	Multiple realizability, in the philosophy of mind, is the thesis that the same mental property, state, or event can be implemented by different physical properties, states, or events. - In humans: if we are in pain our neocortex is active; According to MBIT, then pain is activity in the neocortex (and some other parts). Hence, if MBIT is right: Fish cant have pain If fish experience pain/And if fish have a brain different from ours=pain is MR. fish do have pain.
FUNCTIONALISM VS. BEHAVIORISM	Functionalism: Functionalism is a philosophical theory that seeks to explain mental states and processes in terms of their functional roles or purposes, rather than in terms of their physical composition or structure; while The behaviorist does not want to talk about internal states
FUNCTIONALISM VS. MBIT	Functionalism and mind-brain identity theory are two different philosophical approaches to understanding the nature of the mind and its relationship to the brain. Functionalism emphasizes the functional organization of mental states and their causal relations with behavior, while mind-brain identity theory emphasizes the identity between mental states and physical brain states.
what is functionalism	Functionalism is a philosophy of mind that views the mind as a system that performs functions to achieve a goal. Mental states and processes are defined by their function rather than their physical makeup. It contrasts with behaviorism and identity theory.
what is connectionism? and how does this connect to buildings an artificial brain	It is an alternative to the classical serial approach to intelligence & information processing; They argue that our brain is a neural network, Connectionism is seen as more biologically plausible than classical approaches, as it is based on the idea that cognitive processes can be explained in terms of the activity of neurons in the brain. and if we want to build an artificial brain, we should stick as close to the architecture of the brain as possible
For what reasons is Connectionism (when aplied to an artificial brain ) more realistic than classic AI	[a] economical manner of representing: Stacking of representations: the same units and connections are used to store / activate different representations, a more economic manner of storing info [b] tolerant to damage Since the system is parallel and not serial, damage to just one unit will not have large implications – the system will work just fine; it has a high damage tolerance [c] pattern completion Even if the input is not complete, the out put will be correct; With 1/5 of a familiar face missing in a picture, Cottrell’s system will still recognize the face [d] free generalization If you have an input A2 (e.g. tiger)that looks like input A1 (panther, & you knew already how to respond to that), than you can adequately act, even though the situation is actually new
Name one issue with connectionism	ex. If I believe that cats have paws and then learn (or forget) that dogs have paws, the entire connectionist network changes;
What is The Embodied & Embedded Mind	[a] Embodied cognition: Embodied cognition: Your cognitive capacities are determined, or at least heavily influenced, by the type of body you have Example: notion of Infront of [b] Embedded cognition Embedded cognition: Your cognitive capacities are determined, or at least heavily influenced, by the type of environment you live in; Example: termite nest building
What is the termte example for teh embodied and embedded mind	The basic building block is a mud ball; They make these themselves; Hence they leave a chemical trace in the ball; A termite leaves a mud ball where the chemical trace is the strongest; The pheromones near the bottom evaporate, so they start piling; This is called a stigmergic routine (stigma=-sign; ergon = work, Conclusions from this example No central supervisor is necessary; Relatively simple systems can display complex behavior; Ergo: Some cognitive behavior is clearly embedded;
Embodied consciousness & Embedded consciousness	[c] Embodied consciousness Embodied consciousness: Your conscious experiences are determined, or at least heavily influenced, by the type of body you have; Example: Shawcross [d] Embedded consciousness Embedded consciousness: Your conscious experiences are determined, or at least heavily influenced, by the type of environment you live in; Example: Colors.
what is the extended mind hypothesis (EMH)	The cognitive mind does not stop where the brain or body stops; The cognitive mind extends into the world; Example: Beliefs can be out there.
what is the only solution to the question	Materialism is the only option in the debate However, which version of materialism is the right view is still a matter of dispute; This means that if we study the (embodied and embedded) brain, we will gain more knowledge about the mind as well
what are the apraches tothe question and what is the final analysis of them	Dualism & idealism: don’t take science seriously; Behaviorism: does not take the mind seriously; MBIT: maybe the mind is MR; Functionalism: not biologically convincing; Connectionism: To much emphasis on the brain; EET: not against braincentric theories, but an addition (& EM makes the mind too big.);
what is idealism, who was best know for this point of view, and what is a criticism of this theory	idealism refers to a philosophical view that emphasizes the role of ideas, concepts, or mental constructs in shaping our understanding of the world. j, Barkely, he says that size is a secondary property when in reality size is not relative perspective is the empirical size of something does not change

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	Criado por Gavin REID mais de 1 ano atrás