Public Speaking Midterm Study Guide

Questão	Responda
Stage Fright	Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
Adrenaline	A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
Positive Nervousness	Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for their presentation
Visualization	Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures themself giving a successful presentation
Speaker	The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
Message	whatever a speaker communicates
Channel	The means by which a message is communicated
Listener	The person who receives the speaker's message
Ethnocentrism	The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups
Feedback	The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
Five guidelines for ethical speechmaking are:	1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound 2. Be fully prepared for each speech 3. Be honest in what you say 4. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language 5. Put ethical principles into practice
Listeners also have ethical obligations like:	1. To listen courteously and attentively 2. To avoid prejudging the speaker 3. To maintain free and open expression of ideas
Ethics	The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
Name-calling	The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or grups
Plagerism	Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own
Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments of the Constitution
Paraphrase	To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
Spare "Brain time"	The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120-180 words per minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400-500 words a minute)
Listening	Paying close attention to and making sense of, what we hear
Hearing	The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
What are the four main causes of poor listening?	-Not concentrating -Listening too hard -Jumping to conclusions -Focusing on delivery and personal appearance
How to become a better listener:	-Be an active listener -Resist distractions -Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery -Suspend judgment -Focus on listening -Develop note-taking skills
Empathic Listening	listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
Critical Listening	Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
Attitude	A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
Stereotyping	Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
Egocentrism	The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
Demographic Audience Analysis	Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, religion, racial, ethnic, and cultural background, gender, and sexual orientation, group membership, and the like
Situational Audience Analysis	Audience analysis that focuses on the situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience towards the topic, the speaker, and the location
Persuasion	The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
Question of Fact	A question about the truth of falsity of an assertion
Question of Value	A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
Question of Policy	A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
Burden of Proof	The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is neccessary
Monroe's Motivated Sequence	A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
Target Audience	the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to Persuade
Ethos	The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.
Logos	the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker, two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.
Fallacy	An error in reasoning.
Bandwagon	a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is, therefore good, correct, or desirable
Pathos	The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as an emotional appeal
Evidence	consists of supporting materials-examples, statistics, and testimony-used to prove or disapprove something
Red Herring	the fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
Ad Hominem	a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
Invalid Analogy	an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

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