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| Questão | Responda |
| Narthex | A porch/ vestibule, usually encolsed, that led to the nave. |
| tympanum | In medieval architecture, the triangular space over a doorway set above the lintel (usually decorated w/ biblically themed carvings) |
| Pointed arch | |
| Stained glass | A Romaneque art form characterized by many small pieces of tinted glass bound together by strips of lead to produce a pictorial scene of a religious theme |
| Vault (fan, groined, ribbed) |
Image:
Exam_III_Vault (image/jpg)
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| Buttresses/ Flying buttresses | |
| Blind arcade | A decorative architectural design that gives the appearance of an open arcade or window but is filled in with some type of building material such as stone/ brick |
| Rose window |
Image:
rose_window (image/jpg)
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| Rayonnant style | -A decorative style in French architecture in which walls were replaced by sheets of stained glass framed by elegant stone traceries -associated w/ the High Gothic -"radiant" |
| Traceries | -ornamental architectural work w/ lines that branch out & form designs -often found as stone carvings in rose windows |
| monophony/ polyphony | -Monophony: single line of melody *Gregorian chant* -Polyphony: two of more melodic lines are sung/ played @ same time |
| plainsong (plainchant) | In music, the monophonic chant sung in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church -i.e.: those composed by Hildegard of Bingen |
| liturgical drama/ tropes | -liturgical drama:Popular religious dramas of the 12/16th cents. w/ musical accompaniment that were staged outside in the area in front of the church -Tropes: new texts/ melodies inserted into existing Gregorian chants -> slowly changed them into more elaborate songs/ made them more appealing |
| motet | A multi-voiced song w/ words of a sacred or secular text -13th century -also ref. ->polyphony |
| Chivalry | -Rules of conduct featuring courage, prowess, loyalty, religious faith, and generosity -governed the social roles/ duties of aristocrats in the middle ages |
| Carolingian Miniscule | -Perfected alphabet by scribe monks -Includes: (1) capital/ lowercase letters; (2) Spaces between words; (3)Starting a sentence w/ a capital letter |
| Troubadour | A composer and/or singer who performed secular love songs at the feudal courts in southern France |
| feudalism | -customary name for political regime in much of medieval West, beginning in Carolingian period -pertains to honorable relationships between lords & vassals *Vassals promised respect/ fidelity to their lords & military services/ legal advice* *Lords promised: military cover (protection)/ landed estate* |
| Gregorian Chant | -A style of monophonic church music sung in unison w/out instrumental accompaniment -used in liturgy -Monasteries |
| Courtly love | A new/ idealized ethos as the product of noble courts that envisioned "fine love" as the love of an unattainable lady and male refinement in manners/ behavior *extension of chivalry -> men became mannered to get the girl* |
| Scholasticism | -the body/ collection of knowledge that tried to harmonize Aristole's writings w/ Christian doctrine; also a way of thinking & establishing sets of arguments *initiated by Peter Abelard* -medieval practice |
| woodcut | In art, the technique of cutting/ carving an image onto a wooden block used for printing *Gutenberg 's printing press* |
| Westwork | -exterior western end of a churhc -originated in Carolingian period, whose churches were given tall, impressive western ends -Romanesque/ Gothic builders retain Carolingian height, but + sculptural/ architectural detains to western ends |
| engraving | -Printing method -technique of carving, cutting, or etching an image w/ a sharp, pointed instrument onto a metal surface overlaid w/ wax, dipping the surface in acid, and then printing it *Gutenberg's printing press* |
| Italo-Byzantine Style | -The style of Italian Gothic painting that reflected the influence of Byzantine paintings, mosaics, & icons. *What Giotto went against in his paitings bcuz they were 2D and flat* |
| minstrel | A professional entertainer (especially a secular musician) of the 12-17th centuries i.e.: troubadors |
| Humanism | -an attitude concerned w/ humanity, it's achievements & potential *think of Petrarch & earthly fame* |
| Vanishing Point | -The point on the horizon @ which the receding parallel line appear to converge and then vanish -Factor in linear perspective paintings established in Early Renaissance |
| Pilaster (a.k.a applied column) | -In architecture, a vertical, rectangular decorative device projecting from a wall that gives the appearance of a column w/ a base & capital i.e.: Pazzi Chapel (Florence) |
| Canzone | -A type of love poem popular in S. France during 12 & 13th centuries *For LOVE ref. think of Petrarch* -High Middle Ages |
| Chanson de geste | A poem of brave deeds in the epic form developed in France during 11th century (usually to be sung) -High Middle Ages |
| Goliard | -Medieval roaming poets/ scholars who traveled about reciting poems on topics from moral lessons to the pains of love |
| Pendentive/ Squinch | |
| Pilgrimage | -Travels to see (& sometimes touch) relics of the saints --> prayers would stand a better change of being answered if ppl could venerate these saints |
| Ambulatory |
Image:
ambulatory (image/jpg)
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| Terza Rima | -Riming verse stanza form that conists or an interlocking 3-line rime scheme -> May have been symbolic in Dante's use in Divine Comedy (Inferno)(i.e.: Holy trinity) |
| Divine Comedy | -Dante's Inferno -heaven, purgatory, and Hell --> punishment of sinners pertains to their particular sin & ppl in heaven sit close to God according to virtue -Satan not the devil he is today -> dumb, lumbering, slow -use of light as a metaphor: Lucifer= "light bearer"-> Use to be God's right hand, but fell. In Inferno he is frozen in a lake @ bottom of Hell -> Now farthest from God's light |
| Campanile | -Bell tower-> one near but not attached to a church (Italian invention) -From Latin word campana, "bell" |
| Vernaular (Language & Literature) | -Language: Language/ dialect of a region -> usually spoken by the gen. pop -Literature: Literature written in the language/ dialect of the populace as opposed to Latin (langauge of educated elite) -> i.e.: English (Chaucer), French (Christine de Pizan), Italian (Petrarch & Dante) |
| Ars nova/ Lux nova | -Ars nova: Latin for "new art" -> ref. 14th Century music which consisted of secular polyphonic pieces -Lux nova: Latin for "new light" (think of Gothic architecture -> Saint Denis "Light of god") |
| Via antiqua/media/ moderna | -Via antiqua: "Old way" -> used in late medieval which described things as outdated -Via media: "Middle way" -> idea St. Thomas Aquinas used in trying to reconcile Aristotle's works/ Christian beliefs -Via moderna: "New way" -> term used in late medieval in opposition of Aquinas' ideas |
| Flamboyant/ Perpendicular styles | Flamboyant: Late french Gothic architectural style of elaborate decorations/ ornamentation that produce a flame-like effect. -Perpendicular: Highly developed style of late Gothic architecture |
| Perspective (Atmospheric/ Linear) | -Linear: All lines converge @ a certain point *Vanishing point* (i.e.: looking down a railroad track) |
| The Decameron | -writing centered about Florence, Italy in the throws of the bubonic plague -> 10 characters leave & recreate society -Boccacio |
| The Canterbury Tales | -characters of diff. social levels on a pilgrimage to Canterbury -> story reveals that gentility comes from God alone & not social breeding -vernacular English literature -Geoffrey Chaucer |
| Summa Theologica | -text that highlighted part of Thomas Aquinas' attempts to harmonize philosophy and theology -High Middle Ages |
| Investiture Controversy | -Long quarrel btween medieval popes & German emporers over respective rights/ responsibilities (each thinking of the other as helper/ subordinate) -> arose out of right (which was lost) of laymen to appoint/install churchmen (Clergy ruled it sinful for them to do this) |
| monasticism | -Benedictine order: (1) obedience: absolute obedience to the abbot (father fig. of the monastery) ; (2) stability: pledge to remain in a monastery after one entered; (3) conversion: undertake of a complete change of way of life form monks |
| Monastery/ Convent/ Cloister | -Monastery: building or complex of buildings (domestic quarters & workplace(s)) of monastics (monks or nuns) -Convent: similar to Monastery (typically associated with nuns) -cloister: spiritual/ sacred place for monks/ nuns to do their work (only for them) |
| Carolingian Renaissance | -revival in Europe under Charlemagne (specifically in area of education) -demand that cathedrals/ monasteries establish schools -copies of imp. books obtained/ multiple copies made thru scriptoria (led to Carolingian minuscule) -same studies as that of antiquity: 7 lib. studies (grammar (basic skills in Latin), rhetoric (speaking well/ writing figs. of speech), dialectic (formal logic), geometry, astronomy, & music) |
| Orthodoxy | -adherence to accepted norms, more specifically to creeds, especially in religion -> i.e.: Justinian's rule in Byzantium |
| scriptorium | -writing workshops in major churches/ monasteries that produced copies of text -done by hand= manuscripts (illuminated manuscripts) -> i.e.: Book of Kells/ Book of hours -led to Carolingian miniscule *Carolingian minuscule* |
| The Great Schism | - competition for control btween French/ Roman papacy *French papacy selling indulgences & Roman papacy's belief that its wrong led to it |
| The Consolation of Philosophy | -text w/ attempt to console troubles in the world w/ ppl's reactions to it (i.e.: Dame Philosophy advising that Fortune can be good but it's imp. to accept the bitter w/ the sweet) -Boethius |
| Crusades | -literally means "to take up the cross" -series of military campaigns to recover Holy Land from Muslim conquerors (results in strengthening o) f papacy) -crusades/ pilgrimage connections: crusaders bringing back relics/ sold them -1st 3= focus -> 1st =successful ,ones after= not really |
| Icon/ Iconoclasm | -Icon: an image (specifically of religious content) -> i.e.: Icon of the Crucifixion & icon of Christ -Iconoclasm: result of loss of land during reign of Leo III -> Leo believed that growing prominence of icons (despite bib. prohibition of graven images) was reason for God's punishment of the empire -> Led to icon controversy |
| Realism/ Nominalism | -Realism: in medieval philosophy, school that asserted objects contained common/ universal qualities not always apparent to human senses but were more real/ true than object's physical attributes -Nominalism: in medieval thought, school that held that objects were separate unto themselves but could be treated in a collective sense bcuz they shared certain attributes *Peter Abelard* |
| The Papacy | -office held by the pope as leader of the Catholic Church -The Great Schism |
| Cathedral | -Church of a bishop that houses a cathedral, or thrown symbolizing the seat of power in his admin. district |
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